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Stack #4648590
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Heredity | the biological process of passing genetic information (DNA) from parents to offspring |
| Trait | a distinguishing, inherited, or learned characteristic of an organism, defining aspects of appearance, behavior, or personality |
| Genetics | the branch of biology focusing on heredity, studying how traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes |
| Fertilization | the biological process where a haploid sperm and egg fuse in the Fallopian tube to create a diploid zygote, initiating pregnancy |
| Purebred | organisms that consistently produce offspring with the same phenotype (traits) as the parents when self-fertilized or mated with others of the same type |
| Gene | the basic physical and functional units of heredity, composed of DNA sequences that provide instructions for building proteins and RNA molecules |
| Allele | one of two or more alternative forms of a gene located at a specific position (locus) on a chromosome |
| Dominant allele | a genetic variant that expresses its associated phenotype (trait) even if an individual carries only one copy, often masking the presence of a recessive allele |
| Recessive allele | a version of a gene that only expresses its associated trait or phenotype when an individual inherits two identical copies |
| Hybrid | a product, organism, or system composed of two or more distinct, often incongruous, components or sources |
| Punnett square | a graphical, grid-like tool used in genetics to predict the possible genotypes (genetic makeup) and phenotypes (observable traits) of offspring from a specific cross between two parent organisms |
| Phenotype | the observable physical, physiological, or behavioral trait of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genetic makeup (genotype) and environmental influences |
| Genotype | an organism's specific genetic makeup, representing the precise set of alleles inherited at a locus or across the entire genome, which determines traits (phenotype) |
| Homozygous | having two identical alleles for a specific gene, one inherited from each parent |
| Heterozygous | an individual inheriting two different alleles (variants) of a specific gene |
| Incomplete dominance | a form of genetic inheritance where neither allele is completely dominant over the other in a heterozygote |
| Codominance | a genetic inheritance pattern where both alleles in a heterozygote are fully and separately expressed |
| Multiple alleles | the existence of three or more variants for a single gene locus within a population, rather than the standard two |
| Polygenic inheritance | a complex genetic pattern where a single phenotypic trait, such as height or skin color, is controlled by the cumulative, additive effects of two or more genes |
| Messenger RNA | a single-stranded molecule that carries genetic instructions from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, serving as a template for protein synthesis |
| Transfer RNA | a small RNA molecule (76–90 nucleotides) that acts as an adaptor, decoding mRNA into proteins by carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis |
| Mutation | a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence of an organism, ranging from single nucleotide changes to large-scale chromosomal rearrangements |
| Sex chromosomes | the 23rd pair of human chromosomes that define biological sex |
| Sex-linked gene | a gene located on one of the sex chromosomes (X or Y) that determines an organism's biological sex |
| Carrier | a person, company, or thing that transports goods/passengers (e.g., shipping lines, airlines), transmits disease without showing symptoms, or holds genetic traits |
| Genetic disorder | health conditions caused by DNA mutations or abnormalities, often inherited from parents or occurring randomly |
| Pedigree | a recorded line of ancestors, lineage, or a genealogical chart mapping family history, often used to show purebred animal ancestry or inheritance patterns of traits/diseases in genetics |
| Karyotype | a visual profile of an individual's complete set of 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs by size, shape, and banding pattern to identify genetic abnormalities |
| Selective breeding | the process where humans deliberately breed plants or animals to produce offspring with specific, desirable characteristics |
| Inbreeding | the reproduction of offspring from the mating of closely related individuals, such as siblings, parents, or cousins |
| Hybridization | the concept of mixing atomic orbitals (like s and p) to form new hybrid orbitals that are better suited for pairing electrons to form chemical bonds |
| Clone | produces genetically identical organisms or cells via natural (asexual reproduction) or artificial means, such as Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT), where an adult nucleus is placed into an egg cell |
| Genetic engineering | the direct manipulation of an organism’s genome using biotechnology to alter, delete, or insert DNA, resulting in new traits |
| Gene therepy | treats or prevents disease by delivering genetic material—DNA or RNA—into cells to replace, turn off, or correct faulty genes |
| Genome | the complete set of genetic instructions (DNA, or RNA in some viruses) containing all information required for an organism to develop, function, and reproduce |
| Ethics | the philosophical study of moral principles |
| Meiosis | a specialized two-round cell division process in eukaryotes that reduces chromosome numbers by half, creating four genetically unique haploid gametes (sperm/eggs) from one diploid cell |
| Crossing Over | a fundamental genetic process occurring during prophase I of meiosis, where homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of DNA |
| Zygote | the initial diploid cell formed by the fusion of a haploid sperm and egg during fertilization |
| Gametes | haploid reproductive cells (sex cells)—sperm in males and ova/eggs in females—produced through meiosis |
| Protein Synthesis | the fundamental cellular process of creating proteins from genetic instructions |
| Autosomal Chromosomes | the numbered (1-22) pairs of chromosomes in human somatic cells that are not sex chromosomes |
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