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Stack #4648531
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Heredity | the biological process of passing physical, biochemical, and behavioral traits from parents to offspring through genes |
| Trait | a distinguishing, relatively stable, and often inherited quality or characteristic of an individual, |
| Genetics | the study of heredity, genes, and genetic variation in organisms |
| Fertilization | A variant of a gene that expresses its phenotypic effect even when heterozygous with a recessive allele |
| Purebred | the selective breeding process creating organisms with consistent, homozygous genotypes and phenotypes, ensuring offspring mirror parent traits over generations |
| Gene | the basic physical and functional unit of heredity |
| Allele | a specific version or variant of a gene. |
| Dominant allele | a version of a gene that is expressed in an individual's phenotype even if they only have one copy of it |
| Sex chromosomes | the specific pair of chromosomes that determine an individual's biological sex and oversee the development of sexual characteristics |
| Sex-linked gene | a gene located on either of the sex chromosomes (X or Y), which determine an individual's biological sex |
| Carrier | an individual who has inherited a recessive allele for a genetic trait or mutation but usually does not show any symptoms or features of that trait |
| Genetic disorder | a health condition caused by one or more abnormalities in an individual's genome. |
| Pedigree | a genetic family tree that uses specific symbols to track the inheritance of a trait or disorder through multiple generations |
| Karyotype | an individual's complete set of chromosomes |
| Selective breeding | the process by which humans use animal or plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits (characteristics). |
| Inbreeding | The mating of closely related individuals, which increases homozygosity and can reveal harmful recessive traits. |
| Dominant allele | a version of a gene that "overpowers" others |
| Recessive allele | A version of a gene that only shows its trait when two copies are present |
| Hybrid | The offspring resulting from the cross-breeding of two genetically distinct individuals. |
| Punnett square | A diagram used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring in a cross. |
| Phenotype | The observable, physical version of a trait resulting from an organism's genotype. |
| Genotype | The specific combination of alleles an organism inherits for a particular gene |
| Homozygous | Having two identical alleles for a specific gene |
| Heterozygous | Having two different alleles for a specific gene |
| Incomplete dominance | A form of inheritance where the heterozygote displays a phenotype that is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes (e.g., red and white flowers producing pink offspring). |
| Codominance | A situation in which both alleles in a heterozygote are fully and simultaneously expressed |
| Multiple alleles | A gene that has more than two possible allele variants within a population, although a diploid individual only inherits two. |
| Polygenic inheritance | A trait that is controlled by the combined effect of more than one gene |
| Messenger RNA | A type of RNA that carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis. |
| Transfer RNA | A type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis. |
| Mutation | A change in the DNA sequence that can lead to new variants of genes. |
| Hybridization | The process of crossing two different individuals, often of different varieties or species, to achieve specific characteristics in their offspring. |
| Clone | An organism or cell produced asexually from one ancestor, to which it is genetically identical. |
| Genetic engineering | The direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology. |
| Gene therepy | A medical technique that modifies a person's genes to treat or prevent disease. |
| Genome | The entire set of genetic material (DNA) in an organism. |
| Ethics | The study of the moral implications and responsible use of genetic research and technology |
| Meiosis | A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four haploid gametes |
| Crossing Over | The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, increasing genetic variation. |
| Zygote | The diploid cell formed by the fusion of two gametes during fertilization. |
| Gametes | Sex cells (sperm or eggs) containing only one set of chromosomes |
| Protein Synthesis | The process by which cells build proteins based on the genetic instructions in DNA. |
| Autosomal Chromosomes | Non-sex chromosomes (autosomes) that are not involved in determining the sex of an organism. |
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