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Genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Heredity | the biological process of passing traits from parents to their offspring. |
| Trait | specific characteristic or feature that an organism possesses. |
| Genetics | scientific study of genes, heredity, and variation in organisms. |
| Fertilization | the process of a sperm and egg joining together. |
| Purebred | an organism that always passes down the same specific traits. |
| Gene | basic unit of heredity made of DNA sequences. |
| Allele | one of two or more alternative forms of a gene. |
| Dominant allele | a gene variant that masks a recessive trait's expression. |
| Recessive allele | a gene variant expressed only when two copies exist. |
| Hybrid | offspring produced by parents with different genetic traits. |
| Punnett square | grid used to predict the genetic outcome of crosses. |
| Phenotype | the observable physical or behavioral characteristic of an organism. |
| Genotype | the entire genetic makeup of an individual organism. |
| Homozygous | An organism having two identical alleles for a particular gene. |
| Heterozygous | An organism having two different alleles for a particular gene. |
| Incomplete dominance | A pattern where neither allele is completely dominant over the other. |
| Codominance | a pattern where both alleles are fully and equally expressed. |
| Multiple alleles | three or more possible versions of a single gene. |
| Polygenic inheritance | when multiple genes determine a single specific trait. |
| Messenger RNA | a molecule that carries genetic instructions from DNA to ribosomes. |
| Transfer RNA | a molecule carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome. |
| Mutation | a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a cell. |
| Sex chromosome | chromosomes that determine the biological sex of an organism. |
| Sex-linked gene | a gene located on a sex-determining chromosome. |
| Carrier | an individual possessing a recessive gene but not expressing it. |
| Genetic disorder | a health problem caused by abnormalities in the genome. |
| Pedigree | a chart showing the inheritance of traits across multiple generations. |
| Karyotype | an organized profile of a person's complete set of chromosomes. |
| Selective breeding | the process of choosing parents to produce offspring with traits. |
| Inbreeding | mating of closely related individuals with a common ancestor. |
| Hybridization | process of crossing two genetically different individuals together. |
| Clone | an organism that is genetically identical to another being. |
| Genetic engineering | the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology. |
| Gene therepy | a medical technique that modifies genes to treat or cure disease. |
| Genome | the complete set of genetic material in an organism. |
| Ethics | moral principles that govern a person's behavior or actions. |
| Meiosis | cell division that produces four genetically unique haploid gametes. |
| Crossing Over | the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. |
| Zygote | diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two gametes. |
| Gametes | reproductive cells that unite during fertilization to form zygotes. |
| Protein Synthesis | the process where cells build proteins using genetic instructions. |
| Autosomal Chromosomes | chromosomes not involved in determining an organism's biological sex. |
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