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Psychology
chapter 3 TEST
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sensation | the conversion of energy from the environment into a pattern of responses by the nervous system -aka transduction -bottom up processing |
| Just Noticeable Difference or JND | amt of change in a stimulus that makes it just detectably diff. from b4 -ex: when you notice a change in the increase/decrease in a smell |
| function of the iris | ring of muscle whose pigment gives the eye its characteristics color |
| function of the pupil | opening in center of the iris that helps REGULATE the AMOUNT OF LIGHT passing into the rear chamber of the eye |
| function of the lens | transparent eye structure -FOCUSES light rays falling on the retina (focuses the visual image) |
| function of the retina | neural tissue lining the inside back surface of the eye -light energy transduced into neural energy |
| function of the cornea | serves as protection for the structures behind its tough, round, transparent shell of the eye -protects front of the eye -1st point where light rays are bent as they enter the eye |
| function of the aqueous humor | nourishes the cornea +structures @ front of the eye -only found in front portion |
| function of the vitreous humor | keeps the eyeball rounded by filling the space behind the lens -fills interior parts of eye, keeping the space filled + rounded |
| accommodation as it pertains to the lens of the eye | reflexive change in the lens of the eye to bring into sharp focus objects @ different distances |
| where does transduction occur in the eye + ear? | eye: retina ear:cochlea |
| blind spot | the area @ which the optic nerve exits the retina -no rods/cones where optic nerve exits eye to brain |
| trichromatic theory of color vision | Young- Helmholtz |
| opponent process theory of color vision | color is perceived in 3 channels, where an either-or-response is made to pairs of ANTAGONISTIC colors |
| % of men affected by color vision | 8% of males, .5% of females |
| function of the pinna | (auricle) made up of cartilage -sound connection -exterior part of ear, designed to "funnel" sound waves to middle ear |
| function of the hair cells | convert physical stimulation into neural signals (like rods+cones in the eye) |
| function of the ossicles | mechanically convert, amplify (by roughly 20 times), and transmit sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to the oval window of the inner ear. They also protect the inner ear by reducing the amplitude of loud sounds. |
| technical name for taste | gustation |
| technical name for smell | olfaction or olfactory sense |
| receptor cells for taste + smell | olfactory cells (hair cells-transduction) |
| our sense of balance | vestibular sense |
| our body position sense | kinesthetic |
| motion sickness is caused by overstimulation of...? | fluid in cochlea |
| perception | top down processing -making sense of sensation info |
| transducer | external stimuli is transformed/changed from some physical stimuli ---> chemical/neural stimulus |
| psychophysics | study of how physical stimuli are converted into sensory experiences |
| absoulte thresholds | minimum amount of stimulation that an organism can detect 50% of the time -see candle flame 30 mi. away on a clear night |
| difference thresholds- JND (Just Noticeable Difference) | is the smallest difference in the amt of stimulation that a specific sense can detect |
| sensory adaptation | invloves a gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation -get used to it--->habituation |
| james vicary | claimed subliminal perception influenced sales of coke+popcorn |
| subliminal perception | stimuli which is presented "below" one's absolute threshold -doesn't work unless in controlled setting |
| ciliary muscles | small muscles attached to lens-controls shape+focusing capability called accommodation |
| accommodation | reflexive change in the lens of the eye to bring into sharp focus objects @ different distances |
| photoreceptors | -cells that are light-sensitive -2 types, rods+cones |
| rods | specialized visual receptors that play a key role in NIGHT vision + PERIPHERAL vision -owls, cats, lots of rods -retina -120 mil rods in each eye -hair cell |
| cones | specialized visual receptors that play a key role in DAYLIGHT vision + COLOR vision -6 mill in each eye -night vision animals, colorblind -hair cell |
| optic nerve | collection of axons from the retina that connect the eye w/ the brain |
| fovea | tiny spot in center of retina -ONLY CONES |
| blind spot | optic nerve exits retina -no rods/cones |
| optic chiasm | junction w/in brain where optic nerves converge so that signals from each 1/2 of visual field are carried to oppo sides of visual cortex |
| afterimage | visual image that persists after a stimulus is removed -only lasts a second or two |
| pinna (auricle) | made of cartilage -sound collection |
| eardrum | sound waves vibrate |
| ossicles | -malleus -incus -stapes bones, pass vibrations to oval window |
| motion sickness | overstimulation of fluid in cochlea -vestibular system |
| cochlea | transduction occurs -hair cells vibrate -full of fluid |
| basilar membrane | runs the length of the cochlea hold the auditory receptors called hair cells hc-convert physical stimulation---> neural signals |
| place theory | herman von helmholtz -suggests that the "place'' where cochleas basilar membrane is stimulated determines the pitch of a sound |
| frequency theory | whole basilar membrane vibrates |
| conduction hearing loss | "mechanical" hearing loss -ossicles are damaged -hearing aids |
| sensorineural hearing loss | damage to hair cells in cochlea -can be genetic -hard to treat -cochlea implants needed |
| taste buds | fire neural impulses when they absorb chemical dissolved in ur saliva -10,000 taste buds, can regenerate -decrease w/ age + alcohol+ smoking |
| sensory interaction | taste+smell work together |
| smell | olfactory |
| smell+ taste both... | travel to the same area of the brain which is close to the memory center of the brain which is why smell often evokes memories |
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