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Stack #4648301
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Heredity | the biological process by which parents pass down specific traits and characteristics to their offspring through genes |
| Trait | distinguishing, inherited, or acquired quality of an individual's character, behavior, or physical makeup |
| Genetics | the scientific study of heredity, genes, and genetic variation in organisms |
| Fertilization | the biological process where a male sperm fuses with a female ovum (egg) to form a single-celled zygote |
| Purebred | involves selective breeding to produce organisms with homozygous gene pairs, ensuring consistent, predictable, and uniform traits (phenotypes) across generations |
| Gene | the basic physical and functional units of heredity, composed of DNA sequences that provide instructions for building proteins and RNA molecules |
| Allele | one of two or more alternative versions of a gene that exist at a specific location (locus) on a chromosome |
| Dominant allele | a genetic variant that expresses its associated phenotype (trait) even if an individual carries only one copy, often masking the presence of a recessive allele |
| Recessive allele | a version of a gene that only expresses its associated phenotype when paired with an identical recessive allele |
| Hybrid | something formed by combining two or more distinct elements, species, or technologies to achieve superior characteristics, such as increased efficiency or unique traits |
| Punnett square | a tabular diagram used by biologists to predict the probability of offspring inheriting specific genotypes and phenotypes from a genetic cross |
| Phenotype | an organism's set of observable, measurable characteristics—such as height, blood type, or behavior—determined by the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) and environmental factors |
| Genotype | a genotype is the unique genetic makeup of an organism, representing the complete set of genes (the genome) inherited from its parents |
| Homozygous | having inherited two identical versions (alleles) of a particular gene from each biological parent. |
| Heterozygous | having two different alleles for a specific gene |
| Incomplete dominance | Incomplete dominance is a genetic inheritance pattern where the phenotype of a heterozygous individual (carrying two different alleles) is a blend or intermediate of the phenotypes of its homozygous parents. |
| Codominance | a form of inheritance where both alleles in a gene pair are fully and simultaneously expressed in a heterozygote, resulting in a phenotype that shows both traits rather than a blend |
| Multiple alleles | a type of non-Mendelian inheritance where a gene has three or more alternative forms (alleles) within a population, rather than just two |
| Polygenic inheritance | a pattern where one trait is controlled by multiple, independent genes, |
| Messenger RNA | a single-stranded molecule that carries genetic instructions from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, serving as a template for protein synthesis |
| Transfer RNA | a small RNA molecule that acts as an adapter during translation, translating genetic information from mRNA into amino acid sequences to build proteins |
| Mutation | a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence of an organism, acting as the primary source of genetic variation and evolution. |
| Sex chromosomes | a specific pair of chromosomes (23rd pair in humans) that determine biological sex, with types X and Y |
| Sex-linked gene | located on a sex chromosome (X or Y) and follows specific inheritance patterns, often differing between males (XY) and females (XX) |
| Carrier | spans several disciplines, primarily focusing on materials science (charge carriers), molecular biology (transport proteins/genetic carriers), and drug delivery (carrier systems) |
| Genetic disorder | health conditions caused by abnormalities in DNA—such as single-gene mutations, multiple gene variations, or chromosomal changes—that disrupt normal body function |
| Pedigree | a prominent brand of dog food and treats owned by Mars, Incorporated, |
| Karyotype | a visual profile of an individual's complete set of 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs by size, shape, and banding pattern to identify genetic abnormalities |
| Selective breeding | the process where humans deliberately breed plants or animals to produce offspring with specific, desirable traits |
| Inbreeding | the reproduction between closely related individuals |
| Hybridization | hybridization is the process of mixing different things to create something new with combined traits. Here is how it works in the two most common contexts: |
| Clone | an exact genetic or digital duplicate of an original source. |
| Genetic engineering | the direct, laboratory-based manipulation of an organism's DNA to alter its characteristics (traits) by inserting, deleting, or modifying genes |
| Gene therepy | a medical technique that modifies, replaces, or inactivates a person's genes to treat or cure diseases—such as cancer, |
| Genome | the complete set of genetic instructions (DNA, or RNA in some viruses) containing all information required for an organism to develop, function, and reproduce |
| Ethics | the branch of philosophy, often called moral philosophy, that investigates, defines, and analyzes concepts of right and wrong behavior, good and bad character, and moral obligation |
| Meiosis | a specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half to produce four genetically unique haploid gametes |
| Crossing Over | a fundamental genetic process occurring during prophase I of meiosis, where homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of DNA |
| Zygote | the initial diploid cell formed when a male sperm and female egg (gametes) fuse during fertilization |
| Gametes | an organism's reproductive cells, also commonly referred to as sex cells |
| Protein Synthesis | the fundamental cellular process of creating proteins from genetic instructions |
| Autosomal Chromosomes | the 22 pairs of numbered chromosomes (1–22) in humans that are not sex chromosomes |
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