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Genetics
Genetics Vocaburlary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Heredity | the process by which genetic information is passed from parents to their offspring |
| Trait | a specific characteristic or feature of an organism |
| Genetics | the scientific study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms |
| Fertilization | the biological process in which male and female haploid gametes (sperm and egg) fuse to form a single, diploid cell known as a zygote |
| Purebred | Homozygous breeds true, consistent traits. |
| Gene | the basic physical and functional unit of heredity |
| Allele | a variant form of a specific gene located at the same position (locus) on a chromosome, acting as the foundation for genetic diversity |
| Dominant allele | a version of a gene that expresses its specific trait even if an individual only has one copy of it |
| Recessive allele | a version of a gene that only expresses its trait when an individual has two copies of it (one from each parent) |
| Hybrid | the offspring resulting from the mating of two individuals of different species, breeds, varieties, or populations |
| Punnett square | a simple grid used to predict the possible genetic outcomes of a cross between two parents |
| Phenotype | the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism |
| Homozygous | an organism that has two identical versions (alleles) of a specific gene inherited from each biological parent. |
| Heterozygous | a diploid organism that has inherited two different versions (alleles) of a specific gene, one from each parent |
| Incomplete dominance | a form of intermediate inheritance in genetics where one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other, resulting in a heterozygous phenotype that is a blended, intermediate mixture of the two homozygous parents |
| Codominance | a form of genetic inheritance where two different alleles (variants of a gene) are equally expressed in a heterozygote's phenotype |
| Multiple alleles | a situation where a single gene has three or more possible variants (alleles) within a population |
| Polygenic inheritance | a type of inheritance where multiple genes work together to determine a single physical trait or characteristic. |
| Messenger RNA | a single-stranded molecule of RNA that carries genetic "instructions" from a cell's DNA to its protein-making machinery |
| Transfer RNA | a small RNA molecule (typically 76–90 nucleotides) that acts as an adaptor, carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome to build proteins during translation |
| Mutation | a change in the DNA sequence of an organism |
| Sex chromosome | a type of chromosome that directly determines the biological sex of an individual and influences the development of sexual characteristics |
| Sex-linked gene | is any gene located on a sex chromosome |
| Carrier | an individual who possesses one copy of a recessive, disease-causing gene mutation (allele) but does not display symptoms of the condition |
| Genetic disorder | a disease or health condition caused by abnormalities in an individual's DNA, such as mutations in specific genes or structural/numerical chromosome defects |
| Pedigree | a diagrammatic family history chart using standardized symbols to map the inheritance of specific traits, diseases, or genetic markers across generations |
| Karyotype | an individual's complete set of chromosomes |
| Selective breeding | the intentional process where humans breed plants or animals for specific, desirable genetic traits |
| Inbreeding | the mating of organisms that are closely related by ancestry |
| Hybridization | the process of combining two different individuals (from different species, breeds, or varieties) to produce offspring with a genetic makeup derived from both parents |
| Clone | an organism, cell, or molecule that is genetically identical to its parent or ancestor, having the exact same DNA |
| Genetic engineering | the direct manipulation, modification, and transfer of an organism's genes using biotechnology to alter its genetic makeup |
| Gene therapy | a molecular biology technique that treats or cures diseases by introducing, removing, or altering genetic material (DNA or RNA) within a patient's cells |
| Genome | the complete set of genetic instructions needed for an organism to build, operate, and maintain itself |
| Ethics | a field of applied ethics that examines the moral rightness or wrongness of actions within the life sciences, medicine, and biotechnology |
| Meiosis | a specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in the production of four genetically unique haploid cells (gametes) |
| Crossing Over | the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis |
| Zygote | the single cell formed when a female egg (oocyte) is fertilized by a male sperm cell |
| Gametes | an organism's reproductive cells |
| Protein Synthesis | the process where your cells follow a "blueprint" (DNA) to build a "machine" (protein) |
| Autosomal Chromosomes | all the chromosomes in an organism that are not sex chromosomes |
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