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Stack #4648291
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Heredity | the biological process of transmitting traits, characteristics, and genetic information (DNA) from parents to their offspring |
| Trait | a distinct, observable characteristic or feature of an organism |
| Genetics | the branch of biology focusing on the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in living organisms. |
| Fertilization | the biological process where male and female gametes (sperm and egg) fuse to create a single-celled zygote, initiating the development of a new organism |
| Purebred | an animal whose parents and ancestors belong to the same recognized breed or strain, resulting in a pedigree of unmixed ancestry |
| Gene | the basic physical and functional unit of heredity, composed of a specific sequence of DNA or RNA |
| Allele | a variant or alternative form of a specific gene, located at a particular position (locus) on a chromosome |
| Dominant allele | a specific version of a gene that expresses its trait in the phenotype (physical appearance) even when only one copy is present, masking the presence of a recessive allele. |
| Recessive allele | a type of gene variant that only expresses its associated phenotype (trait) when an individual inherits two copies of it—one from each parent |
| Hybrid | the offspring produced by breeding two different species, subspecies, or distinct genetic lines |
| Punnett square | a visual grid-based model used in genetics to predict the potential genotype and phenotype outcomes of a cross between two organisms |
| Phenotype | the observable, physical expression of an organism's genes (genotype), such as hair color or height |
| Genotype | the specific genetic makeup or set of genes an organism inherits from its parents, typically represented by allele pairs |
| Homozygous | having inherited two identical alleles (variants) of a specific gene—one from each biological parent |
| Heterozygous | having two different versions (alleles) of a specific gene—one inherited from each parent |
| Incomplete dominan | a form of genetics where neither allele is fully dominant, resulting in a heterozygous phenotype that is a blend or intermediate mixture of the two homozygous traits. |
| Codominance | a genetic inheritance pattern where both alleles in a heterozygote are fully and equally expressed, resulting in a phenotype that displays characteristics of both parents simultaneously |
| Multiple alleles | a type of non-Mendelian inheritance where a gene exists in three or more different allele forms within a population, rather than just two |
| Polygenic inheritance | a pattern where a single phenotypic trait (e.g., height, skin color) is controlled by the additive, cumulative effects of two or more independent genes |
| Messenger RNA | a single-stranded molecule that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm |
| Transfer RNA | a small, adapter RNA molecule (typically <100 nucleotides) that acts as the physical link between mRNA and amino acids during protein synthesis |
| Mutation | a permanent, random change in the DNA sequence of an organism. |
| Sex chromosomes | a specialized pair of chromosomes (X and Y in humans) that determine an organism's biological sex and sexual characteristics. |
| Sex-linked gen | a gene located on a sex chromosome (X or Y), meaning its inheritance pattern is directly tied to the organism's gender |
| Carrier | an organism (human, animal) that holds and can transmit a disease-causing agent or genetic mutation to others, typically without showing symptoms themselves. |
| Genetic disorder | a health condition caused by abnormalities in an individual's DNA, such as mutations in a gene, damaged genes, or abnormal chromosome numbers. |
| Pedigree | a diagram or chart that uses standardized symbols to illustrate the biological relationships between family members across multiple generations |
| Karyotype | the complete, organized set of chromosomes within a cell, typically visualized during metaphase, showing their number, size, and shape |
| Selective breeding | the intentional process where humans breed plants or animals to encourage the inheritance of specific, desirable traits over generations |
| Inbreeding | the mating of closely related organisms (sharing common ancestors), which increases homozygosity and reduces genetic diversity. |
| Hybridization | he process of mixing atomic orbitals (such as , , or ) of a central atom to create new, equivalent "hybrid orbitals |
| Clone | an organism, cell, or piece of DNA that is genetically identical to its single ancestor or source material |
| Genetic engineering | the direct manipulation, alteration, or editing of an organism's DNA using biotechnology to change its traits, such as inserting, deleting, or modifying genes |
| Gene therepy | a medical technique that treats or prevents disease by modifying, replacing, or inactivating specific genes within a patient’s cells |
| Genome | the complete set of genetic instructions (DNA) found in an organism, containing all the information required for it to develop, function, and reproduce |
| Ethics | the moral principles and codes of conduct that guide research and experimentation to ensure responsible, honest, and safe practices |
| Meiosis | a specialized type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing four genetically diverse haploid gametes (sperm or egg cells) from one diploid parent cell |
| Crossing Over | the exchange of genetic material between paired homologous chromosomes during Prophase I of meiosis |
| Zygote | the initial, single-celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg during fertilization |
| Gametes | specialized haploid sex cells (sperm in males, ova/eggs in females) produced through meiosis, containing only one set of chromosomes |
| Protein Synthesis | the cellular process of creating proteins by linking amino acids together, guided by genetic information from DNA |
| Autosomal Chromosomes | any chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes (X or Y) |
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