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EXAM 2 STUDY PREP

Advanced Physics

QuestionAnswer
What professional organization took the lead in the research on biological effects and safety in ultrasound? AIUM
Which of the following is true of biological effects of ultrasound? Significant number of studies have reported little to no biological effects
What are the four acoustic variables? Density, temperature, particle displacement, pressure
What device is used to measure the pressure changes of an ultrasound wave? Hydrophone
True or False: Cavitation refers to the formation and behavior of pressure waves in tissues and fluids False
True or False: Low duty factors for pulse-echo scanning allows heated tissue to cool True
What two parameters of diagnostic imaging have the greatest effect on the U/S heating of living tissue? Exposure time & output intensity
Which sound wave parameter is most often associated with the probability of initiating transient cavitation? Peak rarefraction pressure
Which mode of operation has the greatest risk of inducing cavitation in tissue? B-mode
Which non-scanning mode of operation has the greatest potential for inducing thermal biological effects? Continuous wave
The best description of discombobulation after exiting the stenosed area of a vessel chaotic (turbulent)
In a closed system, an increase in flow velocity results in an increase in what type of energy? Kinetic energy only
True or False: Veins have decreased capacitance compared with arteries False
True or False: Arteries have decreased compliance compared with veins True
Which parameter effects resistance to flow the most? Diameter (radius)
What is the relationship of pressure gradient to resistance? Direct
What is the relationship of volumetric flow (Q) to resistance? Inverse
As velocity increases, pressure decreases. This describes which principle/law? Bernoullie's Law
True or False: As velocity increases, pressure also increases proportionally. (hint: think kinetic vs. potential energy) False
Pressure is proportional to both resistance and volumetric flow describes which principle/law? Poisullie's Law
Fluid moving in a well behaved manner moving in concentric rings with no crossing of the ring boundaries is termed? Laminar
Flow generated by pressure coming from the left side of the cardiovascular system is termed which type of flow? Pulsatile
Which characteristic of fluid offers a resistance to flow? Viscosity
If the vessel radius is decreased, what happens to the resistance of flow? Increases
When vessels are connected in parallel circuits what happens to the overall resistance to flow? Decreases
Which factor has the greatest effect on hydrostatic pressure in the circulatory system? Distance from the heart
What is the relationship of length and resistance? Direct
What is the relationship between resistance and volumetric flow (Q)? Inverse
What is defined as the ability to do work? Energy
What is termed the amount of energy transferred? Work
What is defined as a measurement of force per unit area? Pressure
What is termed as the measure of the ability to hold a change in volume? Capacitance
What is termed a measure of resistance to flow due to the molecular properties of the fluid? Viscosity
What is the change in the velocity flow profile due to moving into a smaller diameter vessel known as? Entrance effect/plug flow
What is defined as a change in velocity over time? Acceleration
What must be present in order to get a fluid flowing against resistant forces such as friction, inertia, and viscosity? Pressure Gradient
What is the relationship between Volumetric Flow (Q)/ Resistance (R)? Inverse
What is the relationship between Pressure (DeltaP)/ Resistance? Direct
What is the relationship between Pressure (DeltaP)/ Velocity? Direct
What is the relationship between Presure (DeltaP)/ Volumetric Flow (Q)? Direct
What is the relationship between Pressure (PE)/ Velocity (KE)? Inverse
What is the relationship between Viscosity/ Velocity? Inverse
What is the relationship between Diameter/ Volumetric Flow (Q)? Proportional Diameter^4
What is the relationship between Diameter/ Velocity? Inverse
What is the relationship between Length/ Resistance? Direct
What is the relationship between Diameter/ Resistance? Inverse
What is the relationship between Compliance/ Capacitance? Direct
What is the relationship between Cross-section Area/ Velocity? Inverse
What is the relationship between Cross-section area/ Volumetric Flow (Q)? Direct
What is the relationship between Pressure/ Volume? Direct
What is the relationship between Vessel size/ Energy losses? Inverse
What is the relationship between Vessels in Series/ Resistance? Increased
What is the relationship between Vessels in Parallel/ Resistance? Decreased
What is the relationship between Echogenicity of Blood/ Velocity? Inverse
Steady State Flow Constant Volumetric Flow
Pulsatile Flow Flow in the arterial system of the human body
Laminar Flow Flow moving in numerous layers in a vessel
Plug Flow Flow that has a constant velocity flow profile; related to entrance effects
Parabolic Flow Flow whose velocity profile demonstrates slow flow at the vessel walls and increasing flow velocity near the center of the vessel
Disturbed Flow Any disruption of the laminar flow profile
Turbulent Flow Chaotic flow related to a stenosis
Acceleration Change in velocity over time
Entrance Effect Change in the velocity flow profile due to moving into a smaller diameter vessel
Exit Effect Change in the velocity flow profile due to moving into a larger diameter vessel
What assumptions are present in Poiseullie's Law? The fluid viscosity only varies with changes in temperature and is not affected with changes in the tube, flow is constant and exhibits a laminar flow profile, fluid flows in a round inflexible conduit (all are correct)
What term relates to the mathematical description of the possibility of turbulent flow forming? Reynold's (Re) Number
When examining Poiseullie's Law, what effect does reducing the length of a vessel (I) by one half (1/2) have on the volumetric flow (Q)? It doubles
For fluid flowing at a constant volumetric flow rate, what happens when the resistance to flow increases? A pressure drop occurs
When it is all said and done, what does Poiseullie's Law really describe? Volumetric Flow
True or False: The parameter of "energy" is easily defined, quantified, and measured False
Which equation is derived from the Continuity Equation and states that, for a closed fluid system, the sum of energy at point 1 in the system must equal the sum of energy at point 2? Bernoulli's
Which equation states that for a closed system, all fluid flow through one section of a vessel must equal fluid flow through another section of the vessel? Continuity
Energy Ability to do work
Power Rate of energy transfer
Work Amount of energy transferred
Potential Energy Stored energy that can be transformed into another form of energy
Kinetic Energy Energy related to an object's movement
Pressure A measurement of force per unit area
Volumetric Flow Amount of fluid flow per unit of time
Resistance Force that tends to impede flow
Capacitance A measure of the ability to hold a change in volume
Compliance Change in volume divided by change in pressure
Velocity/Acceleration Speed of fluid movement per unit of time
Viscosity A measure of resistance to flow due to the molecular properties of the fluid
The textbook mentions that increased resistance to flow in the aortic valve causes the heart to work harder in order to maintain the same volume flow rate. How will this increased work load affect the heart in the long term? Left ventricular function can be negatively affected
A person is standing with both arms raised above their head and their hands and fingers are pointing vertically. Where in their cardiovascular system will the hydrostatic pressure be the lowest? Digital arteries in the fingers
Which term describes the increase in pressure in a flowing fluid distal to a narrowing of a tube? Pressure Recovery
Which term best describes the scientific study of fluid flowing through a system? Fluid dynamics
What type of potential energy within a fluid is related to the force of gravity? Hydrostatic
Since energy must be conserved in a flowing fluid, what happens to the potential energy if the fluid velocity increases? Decreases
What types of energy are present in flowing fluids? Kinetic, Potential
When examining the Resistance Equation, which variable has the greatest impact on changing resistance to flow? Vessel radius
At what Re value is turbulent flow expected to occur? >2,000
When examining Poiseullie's Law, what effect will doubling a vessel's radius (r) have on the volume flow rate (Q)? Increases 16 times
Created by: marissagirl
 

 



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