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Heart
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Heart | in thoracic cavity or mediastinum |
| Mediastinum | between the lungs |
| base | superior to apex and at the level of 3rd rib |
| Apex | inferior to based and between 4th and 5th ribs |
| Right side of the heart | deflected anteriorly |
| Left side of the heart | deflected posteriorly |
| Pulmonary circulation | short and low-pressure |
| Systemic circulation | high pressure and friction circulation |
| Heart coverings | Outer Fibrous Pericardium & Inner serous pericardium |
| Outer Fibrous Pericardium | Dense CT, protection, and maintain its position in the thorax |
| Inner serous pericardium | Parietal & Visceral (epicardium) pericardium & Pericardial cavity |
| Parietal pericardium | fused to the fibrous PC (outer layer) |
| Pericardial cavity | filled w/ lubricating serous fluid; between epi & pericardium |
| Visceral pericardium (epicardium) | fused to the heart |
| Layers of the heart | Epicardium, Myocardium, & Endocardium |
| Myocardium | made of cardiac muscle cells |
| Myocardium | blood pump via heart and into major arteries |
| Myocardium | left ventricle is significantly thicker than right ventricle |
| Endocardium | endothelial lining of the BV |
| Endocardium | covers the heart valves |
| pulmonary circulation | VC & Coronary Sinus -> RA -> Tricuspid valve -> RV -> Pulmonary valve -> Pulmonary trunk -> Pulmonary arteries -> lungs |
| systemic circulation | lungs -> 4 pulmonary veins -> LA -> Mitral valve -> LV -> Aortic valve -> Aorta |
| Coronary circulation | small circulation for blood delivery to cardiac muscle cells & other part of heart; not continuous and it cycles |
| Coronary circulation at its peak | heart relaxes |
| Coronary circulation nearly ceases | heart contracts |
| Left coronary arteries | circumflex and anterior interventricular artery |
| Right coronary arteries | Marginal arteries (-> superficial of RV) and posterior interventricular artery (septum & portions of both ventricles) |
| Great cardiac vein | follows the interventricular sulcus |
| Great cardiac vein | drains the areas supplied by the anterior interventricular artery into the coronary sinus emptying into the RA |
| Anterior cardiac vein | drains the anterior surface of the RV; drains directly into the RA |
| Cardiac veins | collect deoxygenated blood from myocardium; drain the heart |
| Cardiac sinus (main pipe) | vein that received blood from most cardiac veins, empty to RA |
| Atherosclerosis | hardening of arteries from plaque |
| plaque | cholesterol, connective tissue, WBC, & smooth muscle cells |
| Ischemia | restricted blood flow, lead to hypoxia |
| Hypoxia | insufficient # of oxygen to cells leading to cells might die -> MI |
| Blood pathway | Great cardiac vein -> middle cardiac vein -> posterior cardiac vein -> coronary sinus -> RA |
| Valves | ensure one-way blood flow & pressure |
| Coronary circulation | how blood goes to heat muscles |
| Blood pathway | Aorta -> Left and Right coronary arteries |
| Left coronary artery pathway | Anterior interventricular artery & (Circumflex artery -> posterior interventricular artery) |
| Right coronary artery pathway | Right marginal artery |
| SA node | superior and posterior wall of RA |
| AV node | inferior part of RA |
| Purkinje fibers | apex to septum & base |
| SA node | P wave |
| AV node | PR interval |
| Bundle branches | QRS complex |
| Purkinje fibers | S wave |
| heart ap activity | rapid depolarization, plateau phase (MP decline relatively slowly), & repolarization |
| Isovolumic relaxation | AV valves closed; no enough pressure to open SL valves |
| Ventricular filling | A & V in diastole |
| Ventricular systole A | Atria in diastole/almost empty & ventricle depolarized |
| Ventricular systole B | Depolarization lead to open SL valves -> ejection phase |
| Ejection phase | blood leave ventricles |
| Epicardium | scabbing would damage the heart |
| Endocardium | thin layer of epithelial cells that line -> make blood flow smooth and continuous |
| incompetent heart valves | not functioning properly -> valvular disease, range from benign to lethal |
| Prolapsed valve | one of the cusps of valve is forced backward by blood force |
| Sterosis | heart valves become rigid and may calcify over time |
| S1 heart sound | closing of AV valves "lub"; ventricular depolarization |
| S2 heart sound | closing of SL valves "dub"; ventricular repolarization |
| Cardiac output (CO) | measure # of blood pumped by each ventricle in a min |
| Cardiac output (CO) | HR x Stroke Volume (SV) |
| Cardiac output (CO) | normal value: 5.25L/min |
| HR factors | autonomic innervation, age, hormones, & fitness levels |
| SV factors | heart size, contractility, fitness levels, contraction duration, gender, preload (EDV), & afterload (ressitance) |
| closed sl valves | ventricles relaxed due to lack of pressure |
| open sl valves | ventricles contract from blood force or increase bp |
| ventricular filling | p wave occurs, ventricles depolarizes at the same time -> BP from atria open AV valves to ventricles |
| Isovolumetric contraction phase | AV valves open and no enough pressure to open SL valves |
| Isovolumetric contraction phase | in Ventricular Systole A |
| Ejection phase | in Ventricular Systole B |
| Ejection phase | blood leave ventricles: increase BP and open SL valve |
| End systolic volume (ESV) | some blood remain ventricle |
| The plateau | steady depolarized mp for longer contraction by squeezing the blood in ventricles |
| Refractory period | can't double contract |
| The plateau | slow Ca++ channels open and close, K+ channel open & faster open |
| Skeletal muscle fiber | AP last 1-2 ms and contraction last 15-100 ms |
| Contractile muscle fiber | AP last 200 ms and contraction last +200 ms |
| longer contraction in cardiac muscle fiber | ensure efficient blood ejection and longer refractory period to prevent tetanic contractions |
| AV node | delay the progress of AP since it has fewer Na+/K+ gates |
| AV bundle | connect atria & ventricles |
| Bundle branches | carry the signal toward the apex of the heart |
| Purkinje fibers | extend through the myocardium from apex to septum & base |
| Passageway to Ap | AV bundle, Bundle branches, & Purkinje fibers |
| Autonomic innervation | Sympathetic innervation & vagus nerve |
| Medulla oblangata | nervous control over HR |
| Pons | control cardiovascular and respiratory |
| Sympathetic innervation | force of stimulation SA, AV, & Purkinji fibers |
| Sympathetic innervation | increase HR |
| Sympathetic innervation | damage will make HR difficult to increase (HR will still happen but it can't increase it and person will tire easily) |
| Vagus nerve | main mechanism is to decrease HR |
| Vagus nerve | stimulate SA & AV |
| Vagus nerve damage | heart won't relax |
| Autonomic tone | both centers stimulate heart during rest |
| ECG | tracing of electrical signal of heart |
| ECG | AP and Contraction happen simutaneously, can delay |
| R point | atrial completely repolarizes |
| PR interval | atrial depolarization & ventricular depolarization; reflects delay @ AV node |
| ST interval | ventricular depo & rep |
| PQ segment | AV node hold/delay signal |
| RT segment | plateau/ electrical signal pause |
| TP segment | heart relaxes |
Created by:
FuirzH