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Evolution pop quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is epilepsy? | A chronic brain disorder causing seizures, characterized by episodes of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. |
| How does age relate to epilepsy? | More preventable in young children and older adults. |
| Are epilepsy types fatal? | No, the types of epilepsy are generally not fatal. |
| Can people with epilepsy pass it on genetically? | Yes, people with the mutation can pass it on to their offspring. |
| What is competitive exclusion? | Gause's concept: two species with the same niche cannot coexist indefinitely; one will outcompete the other. |
| What is a fundamental niche? | The full range of environmental conditions under which a species can survive without interactions with other species. |
| What is a realized niche? | A more restricted niche that occurs when other species interact and limit access to resources. |
| What is niche overlap? | When two species have similar requirements, leading to reduced niche sizes for both. |
| Describe the types of competition. | Intraspecific: competition within the same species (e.g., pecking order, self-thinning) - Interspecific: competition between different species sharing resources |
| What is carrying capacity? | The maximum population size an environment can sustain; often shown as a horizontal line on a graph. |
| Explain Gause's Paramecia experiment. | Isolated species grew logistically; together, one went extinct due to competition. |
| What is resource partitioning? | When species use different parts of a resource to reduce competition (e.g., day vs. night hunting, different algal wavelengths). |
| Give examples of resource partitioning. | Hawks and owls (diurnal vs. nocturnal hunting) - Red algae and green algae (different light absorption) - Shorebird bill differences |
| What is the “Ghost of Competition Past”? | Specializations resulting from historical competition that reduces current niche overlap. |
| What do marine iguanas eat? | Marine algae. |
| What is special about finch evolution in the Galapagos? | Rapid changes in beak size/shape due to fluctuating selection pressures like droughts and floods. |
| How do El Niño events affect finches? | Changes rainfall and food availability, dramatically altering reproduction and population sizes. |
| What is character displacement? | Evolutionary divergence of traits to reduce competition when species share a niche. |
| What did J.B.S. Haldane contribute? | Introduced the “darwin” as a unit of evolutionary change. |
| What is “jittering” in evolution? | Opposing evolutionary forces (push and pull) acting on species traits. |
| How does intense selection affect finches? | Can reverse trends in traits (e.g., beak size) within a single generation. |
| What is the difference between natural and sexual selection? | Natural selection: traits improving survival and reproduction Sexual selection: traits enhancing mating success, may not improve survival |
| Example of sexual selection in guppies? | Males with brighter spots attract mates but also predators; females have muted colors for protection. |
| What is an aquatic invasive species (AIS)? | A non-native species causing ecological or economic harm, often with few predators. |
| Examples of invasive species impacts? | Lionfish, Nile crocodiles in Florida affecting native alligators. |
| What is a keystone species? | A species with disproportionate influence on ecosystem structure (e.g., alligator holes, beaver dams, Paine’s sea stars). |
| How do refuges and dispersal stabilize populations? | They allow colonization of new habitats and buffer against unstable dynamics. |
| How is biodiversity preserved? | Through government regulation (US Fish and Wildlife Service, NY State DEC), international NGOs, and treaties like CITES. |
| What are “ecosystem services” and examples of their economic valuation? | Benefits provided by ecosystems; e.g., Costa Rica pays bioprospectors for new medicine patents, South Africa funds ecotourism and habitat restoration. |
| Why are seagrass communities important? | Provide exclusive food for manatees, breeding grounds for sea turtles, and are reinforced by mangroves. |
| What happens when competitors share a niche but are physically separated? | They occupy parts of their fundamental niche without direct competition. |
| What happens when competitors share the same niche and space? | Competition pushes them into their realized niches, potentially leading to exclusion or coexistence. |
| What is the role of character replacement? | Natural selection favors traits that allow species to partition resources and reduce competition |
Created by:
katievp7