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A&P Lecture 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The digestive system provides the body with | nutrients, water, and electrolytes essential for health |
| The water in your blood and urinary system originates from the | digestive system |
| The digestive system includes | Digestive tract and Accessory organs |
| Digestive tract | 1. The oral cavity 2. Esophagus 3. Stomach 4. Small intestine 5. Large intestine rectum 6. Anus |
| Accessory organs | 1. Accessory organs 2. The liver 3. Pancreas 4. Gallbladder 5. Salivary glands |
| The alimentary canal | The tube from your mouth to anus |
| Essentially, the alimentary canal wall has ____ basic layers or tunics | 4 |
| The 4 layers/tunic of the alimentary canal wall: | 1. Mucosa- 2. Submucosa- 3. Muscularis 4. Serosa or adventitia |
| 1. Mucosa | inner most layer and contacts chyme. Functions to produce mucus to lubricate chyme as it is propelled down the canal. Also secretes acid to digest food. Nutrients are absorbed through this layer. Chyme |
| Chyme | semi-fluid mixture of partially digested food, water, and digestive enzymes |
| 2. Submucosa | this is where capillaries can be found, and nutrients that diffused across the mucosa can enter bloodstream |
| 3. Muscularis | muscle layer with 2 layers (circular and longitudinal) oriented in different directions to propel by peristalsis |
| Serosa or adventitia difference | The main difference is location: above the diaphragms, the outermost layer of the digestive tract is a connective tissue called adventitia. Below the diaphragm, it is called serosa The adventitia secures organs to surrounding tissue like a net |
| The adventitia | secures organs to surrounding tissue like a net |
| The serosa | completely covers organs and secretes fluid which lubricates the external surface preventing friction |
| These 4 tunics line | the canal from the esophagus to the anus |
| Accessory organ: organs from other systems that digest | The salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and the pancreas aid the processes of ingestion, digestion, and absorption. These AOs of digestion play key roles in the digestive process. |
| Each of these organs either | secrete or store substances that pass through ducts into the alimentary canal |
| The 6 steps of breaking food down into nutritional value or whatever | 1. Ingestion and mastication 2. Propulsion and mixing 3. Secretion 4. Digestion 5. Absorption 6.Elimination |
| Ingestion and mastication | taking in and chewing food in mouth |
| Propulsion and mixing | pushing food from one end to the other |
| Secretion | secretion such as mucus, water, digestive enzymes serve to break down food molecules |
| Digestion | Breaking food down through mechanical or chemical mediators. |
| Absorption | Movement of molecules from digestive tract into blood. |
| Elimination | Removing waste products of digestion via defecation. |
| Carbohydrates are broken down to | monosaccharides |
| Lipids are broken down to fatty acids and | monoglycerides |
| Proteins are broken down to | amino acids :DD |
| Carbohydrates are | polysaccharides (starch) disaccharides (sucrose) and monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose (natural sugars found in fruits) |
| Salivary amylase | is a product by salivary glands and beings breaking down carbs in your mouth |
| Pancreatic amylase is secreted by pancreas into | duodenum (first part of small intestines) breaks polysaccharides into smaller disaccharide |
| Epithelial cells of small intestine are able to | convert disaccharides and monosaccharides |
| Lipids are molecules that are | insoluble in water (hydrophobic). |
| Lipids are broken down by special enzymes called | lipases. |
| Also, the liver releases | acidic bile salts that aid in the digestion of lipids. |
| Bile salts from liver + lipase from pancreas DO WHAT??? | breakdown lipids in duodenum. This chemical process is called emulsification!!! These two components continue digesting lipids allowing absorption by epithelium of small intestines. |
| Proteins are | taken into the body from a number of dietary sources. Enzymes that break down proteins are called proteases and often end with –in i.e. pepsin and trypsin |
| Pepsin | secreted from stomach break proteins into polypeptides. |
| Pancreatic enzymes | such as trypsin reduce polypeptides into peptides. |
| Peptidases in epithelium of small intestines can | convert these small peptides into single amino acids to be used as a building block for a future protein. |
| The hepatic portal system | a system of veins that transports blood from the digestive tract to the liver |
| The hepatic portal system is the | venous system that returns blood from the digestive tract to the liver (where raw nutrients in blood are processed before the blood returns to the heart) |
| Liver cirrhosis is | a chronic and progressive condition characterized by gradually replacing healthy liver tissue with scar tissue. This scarring affects the normal structure and function of the liver, leading to impaired liver function over time |
| Regulation of digestive system | Hormonal control by pancreas |
| During digestion, your pancreas makes | pancreatic juices called ENZYMES. These enzymes break down sugars, fats, and starches. These are exocrine functions. |
| Insulin | RESPONSE TO HIGH BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS |
| Glucagon | RESPONSE TO LOW BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS |
| Glucagon releases | ALPHA CELLS |
| Insulin releases | BETA CELLS |
| Hydration begins with the | digestive system |
| Remember that the water in your blood and urinary system originates from the digestive system. | |
| Water moves in either direction across the wall of the small intestine by | osmosis |
| The further down the alimentary canal the chyme moves ( food + gastric juices).... | the more concentrated it gets. |
| Absorption continues in the | Large intestines and even rectum. |
| Diarrhea | Excessive water loss in stool (Runny shit) |
| Diarrhea: Excessive water loss in stool Diarrheal diseases were the third leading cause of death of children younger than 5 in 2017 and are becoming an increasing burden in people aged 70 and over. | |
| Diarrhea is not a disease in itself, but is a | symptom of a wide range of disorders |
| Acute diarrhea | less than 2-3 weeks |
| Chronic diarrhea | over 3 weeks |
| Most diarrhea is self-limiting but some forms can be | fatal if not treated. |
| Diarrhea results from either | a decrease in fluid absorption in the intestine or an increase in fluid secretion. |
| Symptoms can begin from as little as | 1-2 hours after bacterial toxins are ingested to as long as 24 hours or more for some strains of bacteria. Nearly any bacterial species is capable of causing diarrhea!!! |
| Some types of bacterial diarrhea are associated with severe | vomiting, whereas others are not. Some bacterial toxins also induce fever. |
| Diarrhea plays a crucial role in | clearing the bacteria that is found in the intestines at the beginning of an infection. |
| The two main routes that water can enter the lumen in response to an infection. | • 1. Dysregulation of ion channels & aquaporins (water channels) of mucosal layer. • 2. Damage to tight junctions that hold epithelial cells together. Breaking this barrier allows for water to pass between cells into lumen. |
| Treatment of diarrhea involves | replacing lost fluids and ions. In most cases oral rehydration with drinks similar to Gatorade are sufficient. More severe cases may require IV rehydration. |
| Enkephalinase inhibitors stop the | function of an enzyme that destroys enkephalins (endogenous opioids). - Recall that opioids cause constipation. |
| Systemic consequences of diarrhea | Excessive fluid and electrolyte loss during diarrhea disrupts normal water balance and triggers compensatory responses across multiple organ systems. |
Created by:
liladdoyle