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Chapter 9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ASD | a lifelong developmental condition characterized by challenges with social interaction, communication, and restricted or repetitive behaviors |
| Schizophrenia | a chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves, often causing them to lose touch with reality |
| Echolalia | the unsolicited, automatic repetition of words, phrases, or sounds heard from others (immediate) or recalled from memory (delayed) |
| Neuronal underconnectivity | a neurobiological theory, primarily associated with autism, proposing that long-range communication between different brain regions—especially frontal-posterior areas—is reduced or dysfunctional |
| Frontal lobes | the largest, forward-most part of the brain, located behind the forehead |
| Occipital lobe | the smallest of the four main pairs of lobes in the human cerebral cortex, located at the back of the skull (posterior region) |
| Autistic regression | a form of autism spectrum disorder where children, typically between 15 and 30 months old, lose previously acquired language, social, motor, or self-care skills |
| Joint attention | the shared focus of two individuals on an object, person, or event, typically involving looking back and forth between the object and the other person to share the experience |
| Communicative intent | the purposeful use of gestures, words, or actions to convey a message, express needs, or influence others' behavior |
| Hidden curriculum | the unwritten, unofficial, and often unintended lessons, values, and perspectives that students learn in school, such as social norms, behavior expectations, and cultural attitudes |
| Pragmatics | the branch of linguistics that studies how context contributes to meaning in communication |
| EF | a set of mental skills in the brain's prefrontal cortex that act as an "air traffic control system," managing focus, emotions, and behaviors to achieve goals |
| Theory of mind | the cognitive ability to attribute mental states—beliefs, desires, intentions, emotions, and knowledge—to oneself and others, understanding that others have perspectives different from one's own |
| FBA | a collaborative, data-driven process used to identify the underlying purpose—or "function"—of a challenging behavior |
| ABA | an evidence-based, scientific therapy that improves socially significant behaviors—such as communication, social skills, and academics—by understanding the relationship between environment and behavior |
| PBIS | Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports. It is an evidence-based, tiered framework used in schools to improve social, emotional, and academic outcomes by teaching and reinforcing positive behaviors rather than just punishing negative ones |
| PRS | a naturalistic, play-based behavioral intervention for autism that improves4 key "pivotal" developmental areas—motivation, response to multiple cues, self-management, and self-initiations—to create widespread improvements in communication and social skill |
| EIBI | Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention (EIBI) is a highly structured, one-on-one Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) treatment for children with autism, typically under age 5 |
| Person centered planning | a collaborative, ongoing process that empowers individuals—particularly those with disabilities or older adults—to direct their own services, supports, and life goals |
| Community residential facilities | provide supported, home-like environments for individuals—often adults with disabilities, mental health conditions, or veterans—who need assistance with daily living but do not require 24/7 hospital care |
| Competitive employment | full- or part-time work in the open labor market where individuals with disabilities are paid at or above minimum wage, receive standard benefits, work alongside peers without disabilities, and have equal opportunities for advancement |
| Supported living | a tailored service designed for people with disabilities or specific needs, allowing them to live independently in their own homes or community settings rather than in institutions |
| Supported competitive employment | a service model helping individuals with disabilities, mental health conditions, or brain injuries obtain and maintain, full- or part-time, integrated, competitive-wage jobs |
Created by:
Marshallc04