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Waves
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Wave | a disturbance that transfers energy through a medium or space. |
| Vibration | the repeated back‑and‑forth motion of an object around its rest position. |
| medium | a substance or material through which a wave can travel through |
| mechanical wave | moving disturbance that transfers energy through a material medium, such as air, water, or a solid. |
| electromagnetic wave | a moving disturbance of electric and magnetic fields that carries energy and can travel through empty space. |
| crest | the highest point of the wave above its rest position. |
| trough | the lowest point of the wave below its rest position. |
| amplitude | the maximum distance a point on a wave moves away from its rest (equilibrium) position. |
| wavelength | the distance between two identical points on a wave, such as from crest to crest or trough to trough |
| frequency | the number of complete wave cycles that pass a point each second, measured in hertz |
| transverse wave | a wave in which the particles of the medium move perpendicular to the direction the wave travels. |
| longitudinal wave | a wave in which the particles of the medium move back and forth in the same direction that the wave travels. |
| surface wave | a wave that travels along the boundary between two different media, with the particles near the surface moving in a combination of up‑and‑down and back‑and‑forth motion. |
| compression | the region where particles are pushed close together, creating an area of higher density and pressure. |
| reflection | the bouncing back of a wave when it hits a boundary or surface that it cannot pass through. |
| refraction | the bending of a wave as it passes from one medium to another because its speed changes. |
| diffraction | the spreading out or bending of waves as they pass through an opening or around an obstacle. |
| interference | the effect that occurs when two or more waves overlap in space and combine to form a new wave pattern. |
| standing wave | a wave pattern that appears not to move through the medium because two waves of the same frequency and amplitude travel in opposite directions and interfere, creating fixed nodes and antinodes. |
| resonant wave | a wave that oscillates with especially large amplitude because its frequency matches the natural frequency of the system. |