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Topic 7
BIOL - topic 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| energy demands of all species | staying alive, growing, keeping warm and reproducing |
| organisms differ in | how much energy they spend to meet each demand |
| endotherms | organisms that regulate their body temp, require high energy per gram |
| term for organisms that regulate their body temp, require high energy per gram | endotherms |
| ectotherms | organisms the conform to environmental temp |
| term for organisms that conform to environmental temp | ectotherm |
| larger organisms require higher | higher absolute total energy |
| smaller organisms require higher | energy per gram body mass |
| size/mass has a _____ effect on energy expediture | profound |
| scale of size differences so huge we have to transform data | logarithmically |
| increased mass = | efficient energy use |
| scale with mass eqn | y = bx ^a |
| y = | parameter for any given mass x |
| b | intercept |
| a = | allometric coefficient, represents the scaling relationship |
| what represents the scaling relationship | allometric coefficient |
| isometric | a=1, the parameter increases proportionally with increasing mass |
| a = 1 | isometric |
| the parameter increases proportionally with increasing mass | isometric, a=1 |
| hypermetric | a>1, the parameter increases to a greater proportion with increasing mass |
| a>1 | hypermetric |
| the parameter increases to a greater proportion with increasing mass | hypermetric, a>1 |
| hypometric | a<1, the parameter increases to a lesser proportion with increasing mass |
| a<1 | hypometric |
| the parameter increases to a lesser proportion with increasing mass | hypometric , a<1 |
| -a | the parameter is decreasing in some proportion with increasing |
| RMR | resting metabolic rate |
| endotherms have higher | RMR |
| RMR increases with | mass |
| a remains constant across | all life forms |
| massive jump in _____ _____ from microbes to ectotherms to endotherms | energy requirement |
| greater complexity requires | more energy to move nutrients, metabolites, etc into cells |
| ectotherms require little energy bc | body temp changes with environment temp |
| indeterminate growth | growth continues through lifespan |
| growth continues through lifespan | indeterminate growth |
| what type of species show intermediate growth | ectotherms |
| endotherms require more energy bc | they maintain body temp in narrow range despite environmental range which has high energy demand |
| determinate growth | growth ceases when adult state reached |
| growth ceases when adult state reached | determinate grwoth |
| what type of species show determinate growth | endotherms |
| energy budgeting strategies is a key | evolutionary force |
| evolution favors those that optimize | their energy budgets |
| the ideal, unlimited resources to support | max growth, lifespan, production of offspring with high survival |
| energy must be spent by organisms to | find food, shelter, avoid predators, etc |
| primary goal of managing an energy budget | having enough energy remaining to reproduce and raise offspring |
| natural selection has resulted in numerous | energy strategies |
| life history traits | energy strategies used to maximize lifetime reproductive success |
| energy strategies used to maximize lifetime reproductive success | life history traits |
| the environment affects life-history traits by | influencing energy budgets, amount of light, food sources, shelter, precipitation, etc |
| maximizing reproductive success involves trade-offs due to | fixed energy budgets and selective pressures |
| fixed energy budgets and selective pressures are tradeoffs of | maximizing reproductive success |
| tradeoffs arise from | limits in energy budgets |
| if 2 life history traits compete for a share of limited resources, then | its impossible to maximize both traits simultaneously. gains in one trait results in loss by the other |
| life history traits are prioritized | differently |
| passive care | pre birth energy investment |
| active care | post birth investment |
| pre birth energy investment | passive care |
| post birth investment | active care |
| fecundity | ability to produce offspring |
| high fecundity | high amount of offspring per |
| low fecundity | low amount of offspring per |
| no offspring = | plenty of energy to sustain life |
| parity | how often an individual reporoduces |
| how often an individual reproduces | parity |
| semel parity | individuals of the same species can breed only once in a lifetime |
| individuals of them same species can breed only once in a lifetime | semel parity |
| iteroparity | individuals of the same species can breed more than once in its lifetime |
| individuals of them same species can breed more that once in a life time | iteroparity |
| predation affects | life history traits |
| spend more energy on reproduction, what is the trade off | less energy to avoid predators, so higher mortality |
| spend more energy avoiding predation, what is the tradeoff | longer lifespan but fewer offspring |
| natural selection usually favours the strategy that | produces the most descendants |
| age structure pyramids | provide a snapshot of pop growth for a specific time pint |
| provide a snapshot of pop growth for a specific time pint | age structure pyramids |
| life history tables | follow a particular cohort through time |
| r0 = 1 | pop is stable |
| r0 < 1 | pop is decreasing |
| r0 > 1 | pop is increasing |
| survivorship curves | made from life history tables - lx values to differentiate visually, log scale |
| what are made from life history tables - lx values to differentiate visually, log scaled | survivorship curves |
| type 1 survivorship curve | low mortality until end of life, large animals, few young, high parental care, high juvenile survivorship |
| what type of survivorship curve shows low mortality until end of life, large animals, few young, high parental care, high juvenile survivorship | type 1 |
| type 2 survivorship curve | constant rate of mortality throughout the lifespan |
| what type of survivorship curve shows constant rate of mortality throughout the lifespan | type 2 |
| type 3 survivorship curve | low juvenile survivorship |
| what survivorship curve shows low juvenile survivorship | type 3 |
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