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bio 111 exam 2
| Term | Answer |
|---|---|
| Apical Meristems | site of primary growth, located on roots and shoot-tip |
| Apoplast | (Short distance) external to plasma membrane, extracellular path between cell wall and intercellular spaces. Passive and nonselective |
| Bulk flow | (long distance) movement of liquid in response to pressure gradient. (high to low pressure flow) passive |
| Cells | fundamental unit of life |
| Collenchyma cells | grouped in strands and help support parts of the plant shoot (celery) |
| Cork Cambium | replaces epidermis with periderm. Only grows outwards |
| Cortex | ground tissue external to vascular tissue |
| Dermal tissue | outer protective covering in woody plants |
| Fenestrations | slits in leaves that increase sunlight to lower leaves |
| Ground tissue | tissues that are neither dermal or vascular |
| Guard cells | facilitate gas exchange |
| Heliotropism | leaf orientation can change depending on sunlight availability |
| Lateral meristems | site of secondary growth, add thickness to woody plants |
| Leaf | Organ that undergoes photosynthesis |
| Mesophyll | Ground tissue in leaf (palisade and spongy) |
| Mycorrhizae | mutualistic associations of fungi and roots, increase SA, growth factor, and secrete antibiotics |
| Organ System | collection of different organs that function together |
| Organs | collection of different types of tissues that function as one unit |
| Parenchyma cells | Perform most metabolic functions, thin cell walls (mesophyll) |
| Phloem | transports sugars from sources to sinks |
| Phyllotaxy | arrangement of leaves on a stem (light capture) |
| Pith | Ground tissue internal to vascular |
| Primary Growth | Length growth in shoots and roots, apical meristems elongate |
| Root cap | protects root apical meristem |
| Root hair | increase root surface area for absorption |
| Sclerenchyma cells | rigid support with a secondary wall containing lignin(dead at maturity) |
| Secondary growth | Thick growth in stems and roots, lateral meristems widen |
| Shoot system | above ground vegetative and reproductive organ system |
| Sieve tubes | in phloem of angiosperms, has pores and companion cell |
| Symplast | (Short distance) cytosol of all living cells. Active and HIGHLY selective, uses proton pump and co-transport via hydrogen ion concentration gradient |
| Tissues | groups of cells that perform a specialized function |
| Trichomes | hair-like epidermal cells, reduce water loss and defend against insects |
| Turgor pressure | positive pressure exerted by plasma membrane against the cell wall and the cell wall against the protoplast |
| Vascular cambium | secondary growth, adds layers of vascular tissue inwards and outwards |
| Water potential | affected by solute concentration and the pressure |
| A horizon (top soil) | Most organic material, lots of microorganisms and absorbable ions |
| Xylem | transfers water and minerals upwards, made with lignin |
| B horizon (subsoil) | less organic material (lighter), fewer microorganisms, dissolved minerals from top soil |
| C horizon (parent rock) | large sediment particles, lowest amount of organic matter |
| Essential elements | 17, 9 macro 8 micro. Needed fro plant's life cycle and depletions reflect physically |
| Decomposers | breakdown nutrients from nonliving organic material |
| Chitin | structural polysaccharide in fungi (very flexible) |
| Hyphae | branched network making up a fungus |
| Plasmogamy | union of cytoplams from 2 parent mycelia |
| Mycelium | interwoven mass of hyphae |
| Septa | dividing 'wall' with pores, located in between hyphae cells |
| Ectomycorrhizae | sheath/layer over surface of root |
| Arbuscular Mycorrhizae | hyphae extend into the root cortical cells (more common -- 85%) |
| Fungi asexual reproduction | fragmentation, budding, and asexual spores (mycelium --> spore-producing structure --> spores(n) --> germination -->) |
| Fungi sexual reproduction | fusion of hyphae from dif mating types (mycelium --> plasmogamy --> heterokaryotic stage --> karyogamy (zygote) --> meiosis (spores) --> germination -->) |
| Plasmogamy | union of cytoplasm from 2 parent mycelia |
| Karyogamy | haploid nuclei fuse, producing diploid cell |
| Chytrids | dirt and water, can be any nutrition, zoospores |
| zoospores | flagellated spores |
| Zygomycetes | fast growing mold and parasites, hyphae are coenocytic, named for zygosporangia |
| Coenocytic | no septa, one big cell with thousands of nuclei |
| Zygosporangia | sexually produced, resulting cell can reproduce and is resistant to change in environment |
| Glomeromycetes | almost all have arbuscular mycorrhizae |
| Ascomycetes | dirt and water, produce sexual spores in asci, Sac Fungi |
| Asci | sac holding 8 ascospores and contained in ascocarp fruiting body |
| Basidiomycetes | Club Fungi, mushrooms/puffballs, phylum is basidium |
| Basidium | club-like phloem structure in Basidiomycetes |
| Endophytes | fungi living mutualisticly in leaves/plants |
| Lichen | symbiotic association between fungus and photosynthetic microorganism (algae) |
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