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Topic 6
BIOL topic 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| phylogenies provide a way to | quantify how diversity changes over time |
| nature displays _____ patterns of ______ all around us | nested patterns of similarity |
| evolution produces 2 distinct but related patterns | nested similarities found among living species, historical pattern recorded in fossils |
| phylogeny | history of descent with branching |
| term for history of descent with branching | phylogeny |
| phylogenetic tree | a branching diagram that shows relationship between species, often according to the time since a common ancestor |
| phylogenetic trees represent the best model of | relatedness of organisms, changes based on new data |
| parts of a phylogenetic tree | tips/terminal nodes, branches, nodes, root |
| tips/terminal nodes | most recent species |
| branches | show lineage moving through time |
| nodes | where branches split, representing a common ancestor |
| root | starting point of phylogeny |
| sister groups | 2 species or groups of species that share a common ancestor not shared by ay other species or group |
| term for 2 species or groups of species that share a common ancestor not shared by ay other species or group | sister groups |
| equivalent trees | nodes can be related without changing evolutionary relationships |
| phylogram | phylogenetic tree where the branch lengths represent the amount of inferred evolutionary change/time |
| what type of phylogenetic tree shows branching and evolutionary time | phylogram |
| cladogram | phylogenetic tree where the branches are of equal length |
| what type of phylogenetic tree focuses on relationships rather than evolutionary time | cladogram |
| monophyletic group | includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants |
| what group includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants | monophyletic |
| paraphyletic group | includes a common ancestor and some, but not all, off its descendants |
| what group includes a common ancestor and some, but not all, off its descendants | paraphyletic |
| polyphyletic group | does not include the common ancestor |
| what group does not include the common ancestor | polyphyletic |
| phylogeny reconstruction use observations of traits to build a model that represents | nesting similarity between species |
| characters used in phylogeny reconstruction | morphological, chromosomal, molecule |
| characters used vary _____ but not ____ species | between, but not within |
| characters have a number of | discrete character states |
| flower: blue and yellow. what are these an ex of | character - flower and the colors are discrete characters states |
| homologous characters | shared bc of common ancestry |
| what type of characters are shared bc of common ancestry | homologous |
| what type of characters do you want to use when doing phylogeny reconstruction | homologies |
| homologies have _____ ______and ______ characters | shared ancestral and derived characters |
| analogous characters | shared bc of convergent evolution |
| what type of characters are shared bc of convergent evolution | analogous |
| homoplasy | similarities in appearance or function but not orgin |
| what type of characters are similar in appearance or function but not in orgin | homoplasies |
| what type of characters should be avoided when doing phylogeny reconstruction | analogous |
| homology | evolved once in the common ancestor |
| term for being evolved once in the common ancestor | homology |
| homoplasy | evolved independently |
| term for evolved independently | homoplasy |
| homologies are recognized by | structural similarities, relations between parts, embryonic development |
| shared derived characters | unique character stats uninformative for sister groups, need homologies shared by some but not all |
| synapomorphies | homologies shared by some but not all in phylogeny tree, helpful in phylogeny reconstruction |
| principle of parsimony | phylogeny reconstruction from shared derived traits with the fewest number of changes required |
| what principle that states that the phylogenetic tree with the fewest number of changed required is the most likely tree | principle of parsimony |
| outgroup | closely related but not in a group, diverged earlier in the tree |
| what is the most likely phylogeny tree in reconstruction | the one with fewest number of branches/ changes possible |
| each nucleotide or gene difference can act like a | trait |
| distance method | an alternative method of reconstruction by inferring relationships from actual data |
| descendants of recent common ancestor will have had little time to evolve differences, descendants of ancient common ancestors = more time shows what method of reconstruction | distance method |
| dna sequence differences reflect | time since common ancestor |
| can relate degrees of relatedness from comparisons of dna sequences in what method | distance |
| Linnaeus classification system was implicitly based on | presumed rough phylogenies |
| macroevolution | evolution above the species level, asses the diversity of an entire clades and its position on the tree |
| evolution above the species level, assess the diversity of an entire clades and its position on the tree | macroevolution |
| adaptive radiation | the rapid evolution of new species occupying a new niche |
| the rapid evolution of new species occupying a new niche | adaptive radiation |
| anagenesis | species where the ancestor species is wholly replaced by new species, slow |
| species where the ancestor species is wholly replaced by a new species | anagenesis |
| what form of genesis does not increases diversity | anagenesis |
| cladogenesis | parent species splits into 2 species, increase diversity |
| what form of genesis increases diversity | cladogenesis |
| graduated evolution | slow and steady gradual evolution |
| what type of evolution is more anagenesis | graduated |
| slow and steady evolution | graduated |
| intense comp with other species; few available niches, low genetic diversity, high specialization all occur to produce what type of evolution | graduated |
| intense competition with other species | few available niches |
| intense competition with other species occurs with what type of evotuion | graduated |
| what type of evolution occurs with low genetic diversity and less natural selection | graduated |
| what type of evolution occurs with high speciation | graduated |
| punctuated evolution | rare and rapid events of branching speciation |
| evolution with rare and rapid events of branching speciation | punctuated |
| what type of evolution is more cladogenesis | punctuated |
| what type of evolution occurs with colonization of a new area as new niches open up | punctuated |
| what type of evolution occurs when the evolution of a new trait opens up a new niche | punctuated, wings in birds |
| divergent adaptation to | different pressures |
| adaptation to similar pressures, speciation in similar places with | same selective pressures |
| genetic drift when no | selective pressure, random |
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