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arc 200 unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Homo neanderthalensis | Late Pleistocene inhabitants of Europe, 400,000 - 40,000 ya. Cold adapted human species. Stretched into West and Central Asia. First fossil discovery in 1829. |
| Occipital bun | A distinctive shelf or protrusion at the base of the skull; a feature usually associated with Neanderthals, however also seen in some human populations. |
| Hyoid bone | A delicate bone in the neck that anchors the tongue muscles in the throat. Related to the ability for speech. Similar between homo Sapiens and homo Neanderthalensis. |
| Valley of the Neanderthals | Neander Valley in Germany where Neanderthal bones were first discovered. |
| FOXP2 | "the language gene", the same DNA sequence in Neanderthals and humans. |
| Robust | "Big-boned", heavy, thick-walled skeletal tissue. Robust early hominins had very large teeth. |
| Mousterian | A term describing the stone tool assemblages, made from the levallois technique of the Neanderthals during the Middle Paleolithic, the earliest examples are from 300,000 ya |
| Levallois | A technique for manufacturing large, thin flakes or points from a carefully prepared core. |
| Mitochondrial DNA | Genetic material in the mitochondria of human cells that mutates at a relatively constant rate. Inherited through the maternal line. All modern human mtDNA can trace back to 170,000 ya in Southern Africa. |
| Haplogroup | A branch of a phylogenetic tree marked by one or more specific genetic mutations. |
| "African Eve" Hypothesis | The theory that the most recent matrilineal ancestor of living humans came from a small African population and all modern haplogroups descend from the original mtDNA. |
| Homo luzonensis | 50,000 -67,000 ya, possibly 700,000 ya from the Philippines. Shows a mix of ancient and modern Homo traits from very few fossil remains, probable tool use. |
| South African Cave Sites | Pinnacle Point: 164,000 ya, artifacts found include small stone bracelets and red ochre, evidence of coastal lifestyle and marine diet. Bombos Cave: Earliest archaeological evidence of ocher (pigment) processing and use; 100,000 ya. |
| Blade Tools | A special kind of elongated flake with two parallel sides and a length at least twice the width of the piece, 15x the cutting edge of Mousterian tools. Hallmark of the Upper Paleolithic (40,000-10,000 ya), made only by H. sapiens. |
| Dolni Vestonice | Upper Paleolithic archaeological site in Czech Republic c. 25,000 ya. Earliest use of fired clay in the world, for human figurines. |
| Upper Paleolithic Cave Art: Cave of Lascaux | Upper Paleolithic archaeological site in France. The cave contains many cave paintings of a variety of animals. Interpretations include magic/ritual to ensure success in hunting, attempts to control animal reproduction, and pictorial history. |
| Mural art | Painting, engraving, and sculpting on the walls of caves, shelters, and cliffs. |
| Portable art | decorted materials that can be moved or carried venus figurines |
| lake mungo | upper paleolithic site in australia 32kya material culutre, hearths and maiddens, and burials of first inhabitants of australia were found |
| homo naledi | 335-236 kya in south africa traits of both homo and australopithecus |
| homo floresiensis | "hobbit" for its size 700-50kya possibly related to homo erectus or homo hsbilis on the island of flores (indonesdia) ability to make tooks, evidence of hunting pygmy elephants, giant rats, and other animals |
| denisovans | homo species from 335-236 kya ranged from siberia to SW asia and tibet DNA was sequenced from three-rooted molar and small pinke finger bone related to and interbred with homo spacies and neanderthals |
| radiocarbon dating | absolute dating technique that uses the concept of half life to calculate the age of an organic sample based on how much carbon-14 is remaning date from 50,000-400 ya |
| clovis | oarchaeological culture dating back to 13kya during paleoindian period in north america defined by fluted point evidence of earlier occupation and culture |
| pressure flaking | A technique for producing stone artifacts by removing flakes from a stone core by pressing with a pointed implement. Allows thin flaking needed to produce Clovis points. |
| monte verde | archaeological site in Chile 14,500 ya found artifacts and organic material that show pre-clovis radiocarbon dates, hunter gatherers |
| kennewick man | remains of a male found near kennewick washington 7500 BC one of the earliest skeleteons in the new world |
| Foragers | People whose subsistence strategies include hunting, fishing, and gathering food. |
| Diagnostic artifact | An artifact that is known to be associated with a particular time period and/or cultural group |
| beringia standstil hypothesis | humans populated the americas via land/ice bridge from asia to alaska, people arrived 15 kya |
| coastal migration hypothesis | theory that humans populated the americas via marine tralve along the coast from asia to alaska |
| Supraorbital Torus | this is the brow ridge, it is a prominent and robust feature found on previous hominin populations. |
| Neanderthal DNA and Hybridization | Hybridization of humans and Neanderthals did occur outside of africa, those of non-African descent generally have between 1-4% Neanderthal DNA. |
| early modern humans | found as early as 300kya in africa (jebel irhoud and omo kibish) |
| Island Rule | A lack of mainland predators may allow prey to grow larger on islands. Food scarcity might lead to larger animals to decrease in relative body size on islands |
| Founder Effect | small group of explorers ancestral to the entire Polynesian population from mainland Asia, arrived between 2,000-1,000 BC |
| neolithic period | Critical turning point in human history from hunting-gathering to food production due to the adoption of agricultural lifestyle. Sometimes refers to the beginning of the use of pottery. |
| Domestication | The taming of wild plants and animals for human use. |
| cultiens and domesticates are defined by | plant morphology distribution beyond natural range presence in large qualities, like in storage facilities methodological advances in flotation and scanning electron miscroscopy genetics research |
| Cultivation | The human manipulation or fostering of a plant species (often wild) to enhance or ensure production. |
| Archaeobotany | The study of plant remains from archaeological sites. |
| mesopotamia/fertile cresent | an upland zone in SW asia between the tigris and euphrates rivers with the earliest evidence of domestication and agriculture, around 8000 BC the earliest states developed here |
| Flotation | A technique for the recovery of plant remain from archaeological site Sediment or pit content are poured in water or heavy liquid lighter carbonized plant remain float to top for recovery while the heavier sediment and other material fall to the bottom |
| oasis hypothesis | the theory that domestication began as a symbiotic relationship between humans, plants, and animals in favorable natural environments |
| natural habitat hypothesis | the theory that the earliest domesticates apperaed in the area that their wild ancestors inhabited |
| population pressure hypothesis | the theory that agriculture emerged as a way to produce more food in response to increasing populations |
| Sedentism | Living in permanent, year-round contexts, such as villages. |
| jericho | Israel 8500-7600 bc 600 people complex architecture long distance trade during neolithic revolution domestication of sheep, pigs oldest continuly occupied in the world (10,00- years) |
| göbelki tepe | neolithic archaeological hilltop sactuary in turkey 11kya oldest human made stone structure yet discovered called the worlds first temple |
| 'ain mallaha | neolithic site in israel one of the earliest villages in the world; 200-300 people permanent houses 11000-9000 BC structures, gound stone artifacts, animal bones, burials were recovered wild grains are in diet |
| çatalhöyük | neolithic tell site in turkey 7250 bc called the first city |
| mehrgarh | archaeological site in the indus river valley occupied in 7000 BC important craft center and showed transformation of subsistence with the beginning of domestication (barely, dates, cotton, cattle, goats, and sheep) and pottery after 5000 BC |
| ban-po-ts'un | site in china 5000-4000 bce 100 semi-subterranean structures that yeilded important informatino about the neolithic period in china and origins of agriculture (millet, chestnuts, hazelnuts, pine nuts, hemp) and domestication (pigs, dogs, cattle, sheep) |
| guilá naquitz cave | site in mexico 8750-6670 bce seasonal occupation and subsistence just before the advent of agriculture early evidence of maize domestication |
| tehuacán | site in mexico 3000bce transition from nomadic hunting and gethering to a settled agricultural way of life site of early cultivation of maize |
| teosinte | tall annual grass native to mexico and central america closest relative of maize |
| edge hypothesis | theory that the need for more food was initially felt at the margins of the natural habitat of the ancestors of domesticated plants and animals revised version of the population pressure hypothesis |
| social hypothesis | theory that domesticatino allowed certain indviduals to accumulate food surplus and to transform those foods into more valued items, such as rare stones or metals, and even social alliances |
| tell | a mounf composed of mud bricks and refuse, accumulated as a result of human activity |
| abu hurerya | tell site in syria uninterrupted occupation from 10500-6000 bc contains one of the best available records of the changes that took place as farming and herding first began site of early rye cultivation |
| Potsherd | A fragment of a clay vessel or object. |
| mesoamerica | to region consisting of central and southern mexico, guatemala, belize, el salvador, and W parts of honduras and nicaragua that was the focus of complex, hierarchial states at the time of spanish context |
| natufians | sedentary foragers 12500 ya in N mesopotamia |
| contemporary foragers | Modern people who hunt and gather food, there are a few of these groups though they are marginalized, there is evidence they interact with colonial and other agricultural nations. |
| Earliest Evidence of Domestication | Northern Mesopotamia, 9,000 BCE rye and figs, 8,000 BCE goats, wheat, barley, pigs, cattle and sheep. |
| Latest Center of Domestication | East North America 3,500-4,500 BP or sub-Saharan Africa 4,000 BP |
| Evidence for Agriculture | Artifacts: farming and cooking technology Features: Food storage and processing Ecofacts: plant and animal remains |
| Oldest Ceramic Containers | China 16,000 BP |
| Raw Material for Pottery | clay and temper, temper includes, sand, crushed stone, ground shell, crushed fired pottery, bone of plant materials |
| Morphological Changes in Plants | larger edible portions, more productive plants, los of natural reproductive ability, ability to survive in new zones |
| Morphological Changes in Animal Domestication | smaller body size, smaller horns, teeth and jaws, less aggressive, higher milk production |
| Cahokia | archaeological site in illinois 600-1250 ad mississippian city with a complex chiefdom and monumental architecture maize agriculture |
| Consequences of Food Production | increasing CO2 in atmosphere, Earth's population has doubled 10 times in the last 10,000 years, larger communities and dense populations. |
| poverty point | late archaic archaeological sute in Louisiana 1500 bc grinding stones and pottery domesticated plants - gourds, squash marsheslder, goosefoot monumental architecture of circular series of ridges and mounds |
| hopewell | early native american culture that appeared in c 100 bc centered in ohio river valley knwon for sophistiacted exchange system, monumental earthworks, and burial, conical and effigy mounds with evidence of social status diferentiation based on grave goods |
| hopewell interactino sphere | complex netwoek involving the exchange of goods and information that connected distnict local populatiosn in the midwestern united states from approx. 100bc-400ad |
| mississippian | collective name applied to the agricultural societies that inhabited portinos of the midwest approx. 800-1700 ad hierarchial society, constructed earthen platform mounds, and shared certain basic cultural conventions |
| moundville | site in alabama 1050-1350 ad mississippian culture that occupied the site had complex economic, social, and political networks |
| oneota | cultural tradition of the midwesrt from 1200-1650 ad. agricultural people known for their shell tempered pottery ancestors of the ho-chunk and several other native american groups |
| Dendrochronology | The study of the annual growth of tree rings as a dating technique to build chronologies. |
| paleoindian culture | archaeological culture from 10,000-8000 bc in WI big game hunters who were highly mobile |
| archaic culture | archaeological culture form 8000-500 bc in WI hunters and gatherers of seasonal foods, chipped and polished tools like spearthrower weights |
| woodland culture | archaeological culture form 500bc-1200ad hunting, gathering, and horticulture beginning of pottery and food production mound building culture |
| effigy mounds | ceremonial mounds built in the shape of animals or objects by native north american peoples many hypotheses for what they are |
| colonialism | the forsible or legan seizure of indigenous lands and resources racializatino and othering of indigienous groups assumption by colonizing groups that indigenous peoples were technologically unsohpisticated or backwards |
| robert da le salle | french explorer who followed the mississippi river all the way to the gulf of mexico and explored the great lake region in the 17th century |
| la belle | one of robert de la salles ships sank during a mission of starting a french colony at the mouth of the mississippi river now is important historical archaeological site some artifacts recovered include glass trade beads |
| african diaspora | colonial-era global movement of african peoples |
| african burial ground proect | the excavatino of a colonail era african cemetery in manhattan that was the subject of controversy until the eventual onvolvement of the descendant community, there are an estimated 20,000 individuals buried in the 17and18 centuries |
| glass trade beads | north american artifacts that are chronological markers, indicate trade and exchange networks, and are representative of social identity |
| characteristics of state level societies | substantial surplus of food, socially stratified society, and centralized power |
| historical archaeology | aarchaeology of the last 500 years able to incorporate information from documents and other written records focuses in gruops who might be excluded from historical records |
| What THREE categories of evidence help scientists understand the evolution of our human species, Homo sapiens? | Genetics, such as identifying mutations in mitochondrial DNA Paleoanthropology, such as looking at fossils from Omo Kibish Archaeology, such as looking at pigment containers from Blombos Cave |
| Which biological features helped Neanderthals adapt to glacial climates? | Short, stocky bodies |
| The discovery of Neanderthal hyoid bone provide evidence they were cannibal lead conclusion that vision not good as modern human show they were accomplished hunter suggest their speaking ability were the same as modern human indicate making art | suggests that their speaking abilities were the same as modern humans |
| Diagnostic lithic (stone) tool type associated with Neanderthals in the Upper Paleolithic, produced using the Levallois technique: | Mousterian |
| What is the significance of the ocher processing toolkit found at Blombos Cave as it relates to human evolution and cultural development? | The use of pigments and paints is early evidence for symbolic expression |
| The study of _________ DNA reconstructs DNA sequences from fossil hominins and preserved ancient remains, while _________ DNA studies examine patterns of genetic expressions in living human populations. | ancient; modern |
| T/F The first use of ceramic (fired clay) in the world was for making figurines, such as those found at Dolni Vestonice. | True |
| Where and when did Neanderthals first evolve? | Europe, c. 400,000 ya |
| Which of these hominin groups was identified first from genetic evidence and then later connected to fossil evidence (the "Dragon Man" cranium)? | Denisovans |
| Homo floresiensis is... | is likely a side branch of hominid evolution derived from H. erectus in Indonesia |
| What genetic traits from Neanderthals are identified in the modern Homo sapiens genome today? | Traits related to immune responses and the ability of skin cells to repair sunburns |
| T/F Newly recovered DNA from a Denisovan jawbone recovered in Tibet shows genes for high altitude adaptations, some of which persist in modern Tibetan populations today. | True |
| Which of these traits is present in Homo naledi and make this species seem more like australopithecenes than archaic Homo sapiens? | projecting face |
| The hypothesis that H. naledi may have disposed of or "buried" their dead, possibly indicating something about their culture, is | inferred from the context in which the remains have been found |
| Of all the ancient human cousins discussed, which one appears to have evolved in South Africa after early Homo sapiens had evolved? | Homo naledi |
| Despite their small stature and cranial size (comparable to australopithecenes), H. floresiensis and H. luzonensis did not lose the ability to make stone tools, which was also present in their likely shared ancestor of Homo erectus. How possible? | Their brain “reorganized” to retain cognitive abilities needed for toolmaking despite becoming smaller overall |
| Modern humans had spread to virtually all parts of the world by 10,000 years ago. Of the areas listed below, which was the one where they arrived LATEST (most recently)? | The Americas |
| Diagnostic Lapita pottery fragments are associated with farming populations who used boats and were the first to settle: | The Pacific Islands |
| DNA evidence show the people who made Lapita ceramics were descended from people who lived in Asia. seafaring explorers is ancestral to Polynesian people today. Limited genetic diversity modern Polynesian population is due to _ | founder effect |
| Early settlers of North America: | arrived 30000 or 22000 ya encountered sea levels lower than today hunted large megafauna used boats to travel along coast from asia to america |
| Which of the following statements about ancient Beringian populations is FALSE? | They perfected the Clovis spearpoint |
| Which of the following statements about the Clovis archaeological culture is TRUE? | Clovis spearpoints were probably used for hunting megafauna, such as mammoths or mastodons |
| For older sites, archaeologists can use different absolute methods, like _____________, which was recently used to date the strata of a 65,000 year old Australian rock shelter. | Optically stimulated luminescence |
| Which of these sets of human remains have recently been repatriated (returned) to the Indigenous communities who consider them to be an ancestor | Both "Mungo Man" and "Kennewick Man" |
| Multiple lines of evidence were used to identify when human footprints were left at a site in New Mexico, published in 2021. Select the THREE evidence below that support the interpretation of these as human footprint left between 23,000 and 21,000 yo | Seeds above and below stratigraphy were dated via radiocarbon unlike seeds and tools, footprints can't move up and down or be distrubed reservoir effect; old carbon might get recycled in wet contexts, making it seem older than it actually is |
| For most of human prehistory, people relied on what for their subsistence? | Foraging and hunting |
| T/F Most Indigenous communities living in the world today have lost their knowledge about foraging and traditional foodways because of their status as marginalized communities within colonial agricultural nations. | false |
| Which animals were the first domesticates in the Near East? (Mesopotamia / SW Asia) | Cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs |
| Agriculture was adopted later in ______ Mesopotamia because of a lack of rainfall and a need for irrigation technology. | Southern |
| T/F Sedentism only occurs after the development of agriculture or food production, as demonstrated at the site of ‘Ain Mallaha in Israel and other Natufian sites. | false |
| Eastern North America was one of the _____ original centers of domestication, with plants including _________. | latest; sunflower, squash, and goosefoot |
| Domestication of plants and animals: | Originated independently in at least six, possibly as many as ten different locations around the world |
| the __ period, in the __ geological epoch, is when archaeologists have identified the earliest evidence for the origins of agriculture. | neolithic; holocene |
| Some of the key changes observed during the Upper Paleolithic from about 40,000 to 12,000 years ago include all of the following EXCEPT: | the domestication of most plant and animal foods |
| Which of the following is NOT part of the archaeological record for the Neolithic transition in Southwest Asia? | Domesticated plant remains including maize, rice, barley and wheat |
| Nonplastic inclusions (such as grit, grog, shell, or sand) in pottery that act as a filler, creating strength and counteracting cracking and shrinkage during firing, are known as: | temper |
| The introduction of pottery generally seems to coincide with the adoption of a more sedentary way of life in the Neolithic period. Most Paleolithic cultures may not have created pottery because: | mobile hunter-gatherers would not want to carry heavy and fragile fired clay containers |
| Stem portion of a wheat plant that connects the grain to the stalk; this becomes tough in domesticated plants but is brittle in wild plants | Rachis |
| Archaeological culture of sedentary foragers of southwest Asia, they lived in small villages, ate wild grains, built permanent houses, and buried their dead | Natufian |
| T/F Diversification of diet is NOT a method for human populations to minimize risk. | false |
| This Neolithic site in Pakistan shows evidence of adoption of some foreign domesticates, such as wheat obtained through trade with Southwest Asia, as well as local domestication of Bos indicus cattle | Mehrgarh |
| Similarities between the sites of Mehrgahr and the site of Ban-po-ts’un include all of the following EXCEPT: | semi-subterranean round houses (mehrgahr are square) |
| Bone chemistry and carbon stable isotopes are used to learn about _____ domestication in the Americas. | Maize |
| Tehuacan Valley and the Valley of Oaxaca provide evidence of the origins of agriculture in Mesoamerica. Which plant were cultivated first in this area? | Squash and Beans |
| The wild ancestor of maize, this grassy plant is found in parts of Mexico today. It has no cobs, and many fewer kernels per plant than modern corn. | teosinte |
| ________ is a key sign of increasing social complexity, developing after the beginning of agriculture in many places around the world, including ancient Southwest Asia and Egypt and ancient North America. | Monumental Architecture |
| T/F Guilá Naquitz Cave (Mexico) has the first evidence for the domestication of maize in Mesoamerica. | false Teosinte is present, but it is in its wild form and shows no evidence of cultivation at Guilá Naquitz Cave |
| T/F One reason that maize or corn has become so prevalent worldwide is because it is susceptible to genetic mutations that make artificial selection easier. | true |
| Heavy reliance on cereal grain crops in the Neolithic period led to poor dental health because _________ | High carbohydrate grains contained natural sugars AND they were ground with stone mortars |
| Scientists have documented increasing atmospheric CO2 from 15,000 - 10,000 ya, at the beginning of the Holocene. They attribute this to: | the inital development of cultivation, land clearing, and raising livestock during this period |
| The Late Archaic site _______ in North America is known for its large semicircle of earthen ridges. The presence of _____ on top of the ridges indicates that they were used as living surfaces. | Poverty Point; postmolds and hearth |
| The people who were part of the Poverty Point, Hopewell, and Mississippian cultures and societies are part of what archaeologists consider the first ancient states in North America. | FALSE – None of these complex societies are considered “states” by most archaeologists |
| Tool for grinding grains such as corn or wheat; often found at early agricultural (Neolithic) sites, providing evidence of transitions to grain-based diets | mano and metate |
| Long-distance exchange network centered in present-day Ohio, moved items and ideas across much of eastern North America c. 100 BC to AD 400 | Hopewell Interaction Sphere |
| “Monumental Architecture,” which is evidence for social complexity, is represented in the archaeological record by: | hopewell conical mounds, platform mounds of mississippian sites, ridged earthwords at poverty point |
| The archaeological site of Moundville, Alabama has many types of mounds, including burial mounds and platform (flat topped) mounds. Today, the site is important to the __ descendant community | chicksaw |
| Which of these is NOT a kind of material culture that archaeologists have recovered at the Mississippian mound site of Cahokia? | artifacts from the Maya and Aztec civilizations of Mesoamerica |
| In general, the presence of earthen mounds, and the kinds of artifacts found buried in them, indicate to archaeologists that the Indigenous Native American mound-building cultures had all of these traits EXCEPT: | a highly mobile lifestyle, where they moved around the landscape in small groups or 'bands' |
| The social structure of Paleo-Indian communities such as those who lived at Silver Mound or butchered the Hebior mammoth, can best be described as: | Bands |
| The Middle Woodland Period in Wisconsin occurs roughly at the same time as which eastern North American cultural phenomenon? | Hopewell Interaction Sphere |
| Which pre-contact Native American groups produced pottery that archaeologists find in the state of Wisconsin today? | late woodlands effigy moundbuilders, oneota farming villages |
| During the _____ period in Wisconsin, Effigy Mounds were built in the shapes of important animals and other figures in Ho-Chunk and other Native American traditions | late woodlands |
| One __________________ of the Oneota archaeological culture are the Ho-Chunk, whose lands include what is today La Crosse. | descendant community |
| During the Late Archaic period, more than 5,000 years ago, Native people in Wisconsin and the Lake Superior basin developed _______________. This is one of the earliest places in North America and the world where this technology was used. | copper-working technology |
| Which of the following statements about the Clovis archaeological culture is TRUE? | Clovis spearpoints were probably used for hunting megafauna, such as mammoths or mastodons |
| ____________ , is a Mississippian-influenced site in Western Wisconsin where archaeologists have identified platform mounds, Mississippian-style pottery, and diagnostic three-notched projectile points. | Little Bluff, in Trempealeau |
| According to the podcast, in March 2021, which politician used a term for our human ancestors in a disparaging or derogatory way? | Joe Biden described not wearing a facemask as "Neanderthal thinking" |
| T/F Denisovans are a group of human ancestors that lived mostly in the western half of Eurasia, while Neanderthals lived in the east and southern part of Eurasia. | false |
| early human in the Middle Pleistocene all of which had complicated social live art and culture However, one species that lived in southern Africa during that same time, is less humanlike possibly due to a much smaller brain size than other early humans | homo naledi |
| What were some behaviors of Neanderthals that anthropologists have inferred from comparisons with ethnographic research about living and historical hunting and gathering groups? | Neanderthals lived in family groups and used different fires for specific purposes in their homes |
| Which of these technologies or behaviors has NOT been identified in archaeological investigations of Neanderthal sites? | Calendar-like record keeping systems linked to lunar cycles, painted on cave walls |
| Archaeologist Rebecca Wragg Sykes describes Shanidar Cave, a site where archaeologists have identified evidence for Neanderthals... | caring for an individual who had serious and debilitating injuries |
| Obtaining a radiocarbon date from Naia's bone collegen was not possible because of the context in which her bones were preserved. What did scientists do to find out how old the remains are? | They sampled Naia's tooth enamel, which still preserved enough carbon-14 for an accurate radiocarbon date |
| How were global sea levels 13,000 ya different than today, and why does this matter for the study of the first peoples of North America? | Global sea levels were lower, which means that the Yucatan cenotes were not flooded and the Beringian landbridge was exposed |
| How does this explain Jim Chatters' observation earlier in the video that cranial features of ancestral skeletal remains in North America, like Kennewick Man and Naia, look different than cranial features of modern American Indian individuals? | Adaptations over the past 13,000 years in the new environments of the Americas produced changes in appearance, leading to the features we commonly see among today’s Native Americans |
| Geneticists have determined that Naia, Kennewick Man, the Anzick child, and other ancient ancestral human remains from the Americas are: | the ancestors of living present day Native American peoples |
| Bioarchaeologists (scientists who study the remains of people recovered from archaeological sites) have identified several pathologies (illnesses or injuries) that Naia experienced during her short life Which pathology was NOT identified in Naia's remains | A stone spear point was healed into her pelvis, evidence of violence |
| Cahokia was the largest city of the ________ culture, which had outposts across the midcontinent of North America. | Mississippian |
| Archaeologists identify Mississippian towns and city sites by the presence of __________ | maize agriculture, monumental platform mounds, central plazas, shell-tempered pottery |
| At Aztalan, a Mississippian site in central Wisconsin, archaeologists identified shell beads and copper, evidence of | long distance trade |
| At Cahokia, the leaders were: | Powerful chiefs, hereditary leaders who had both religious authority and political power |
| T/F Geo-archaeologists studying Angel Mounds, a Mississippian site in Indiana, used radiocarbon dating of samples from soil cores to learn that the large platform mound there took more than 100 years to build. | false |
| After Cahokia’s collapse, other Mississippian towns like Parkin Mound continued thriving. This site was visited by: | Hernando de Soto |
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c-sneller