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Chapter 11
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| congenitally deaf | those who are born deaf |
| adventitiously deaf | those who acquire deafness at some time after birth |
| prelingual deafness | refers to deafness that occur at birth or early in life4 before speech and language develop |
| postlingual deafness | deafness that occurs after the development of speech and language |
| tympanic membrane | (eardrum) boundary between the outer and middle ears |
| Auricle | part of the ear that prot5udes from the side of the head |
| ossicles | three tiny bones (malleolus, incus and stapes) that together make possible an efficient transfer of sound waves from the eardrum to the oval window, which connects the middle ear to the inner ear |
| malleus | the hammer shaped bone in the ossicular chain of the middle ear |
| incus | the anvil shaped bone in the ossicular chain of the middle ear |
| stapes | the stirrup bone in the ossicular chain of the middle ear |
| oval window | the link between the middle and inner ear |
| vestibular mechanism | located in the upper portion of the inner ear, is responsible for the sense of balance |
| cochlea | lying below the vestibular mechanism, this snail-shaped organ contains the parts necessary to convert the mechanical action of the middle ear into an electrical signal in the inner ear that is transmitted to the brain. |
| otoacoustic emissions | low intensive sounds produced by the cochlea in response to auditory stimulation: used to screen hearing problems in infants and very young children |
| audiologists | an individual trained in audiology, the science dealing with hearing impairments, their detection and remediation |
| pure-tone audiometry | designed to establish the individuals threshold for hearing as a variety of different frequencies |
| hertz | number of vibrations per unit of time of a sound wave, the pitch is higher with more vibrations, lower the fewer. |
| audiometric zero | the lowest level at which people with normal hearing can hear |
| speech audiometry | a technique that test a person's detection and understanding of speech, rather than using pure tones to detect hearing loss |
| speech reception threshold (SRT) | the decibel level at which a person can understand speech |
| conductive hearing impairment | refers to an interference with the transfer of sound along the conductive pathway of middle or outer ear |
| sensorineural hearing impairment | involves problem in the inner ear |
| Mixed hearing impairment | a hearing impairment resulting from a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing impairment |
| external otitis | "swimmers ear" an infection of the skin of the externa, auditory canal |
| otitis media | an inflammation of the middle ear space |
| connexin-26 gene | as the most common cause of congenital deafness |
| Congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | a herpes virus, is the most frequent nonhygienic causes of deafness in infants |
| sign language | a manual used by people who are deaf to communicate, a true language with its own grammar |
| in vitro fertilization | a procedure that is used to help infertile couples, whereby eggs cells from the mother are fertilized in the laboratory then placed in the mother uterus |
| oralism- manualism debate | to represent two very different points of view: oralism favors teaching people who are deaf to speak, whereas manualism advocates the use of some kind of manual communication |
| total communication | an approach for teaching students with earing impairment that blends oral and manual techniques |
| simultaneous communication | the use of both manual and oral communication by people who are deaf |
| bicultural bilingual approach | an approach for teaching students with hearing impairment that stresses teaching American sign language and English as a second language and promote the teaching of deaf culture |
| auditory-verbal approach | focuses on exclusively on using audition to improve speech and language development |
| auditory-oral approach | similar to the auditory verbal approach, but it also stresses the use of visual cues, such as speechreading and cued speech |
| speechreading | involved teaching children to use visual information to understand what is being said to them |
| cued speech | is a way of augmenting speechreading, the individual uses handshapes to represent specific sounds while speaking |
| homophones | different sounds that ae visually identical when spoken |
| signing English system | used simultaneously with oral methods in the total communication approach to teaching students who are deaf, different from American sign language because the signs maintain the same word order as spoken language |
| fingerspelling | spelling the English alphabet by various finger positions on one hand |
| text telephones (TT) | teletypes, telecommunication devices for the deaf, they can connect it to a teleph0one and type a message to someone else who has TT |
| video relay service | enables people who are deaf to communicate with people who hear through a sign language interpreter serving as an intermediary |
| transliteration | similar to signed English, maintains the same word order as spoken English |
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