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Urinary System
Urinary System ccma
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The urinary system, also known as the renal system, is essential for maintaining | the body's fluid balance, filtering waste products from the blood, and excreting them in the form of urine |
| The organs of the urinary system include the | kidneys, renal pelvis, uterus, bladder and urethra. |
| The urinary system crucial role in | regulating blood volume, pressure, electrolyte levels, and pH balance. |
| Kidneys: | are two bean-shaped organs located retroperitoneally (behind the peritoneum) on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. |
| Each kidney has several vital structures: Cortex: | The outer region of the kidney that contains the glomeruli and the convoluted tubules. |
| Each kidney has several vital structures: Medulla: | The inner region, consisting of renal pyramids, which house the loops of Henle and collecting ducts. |
| Each kidney has several vital structures: Renal pelvis: | A funnel-shaped cavity that collects urine from the medulla and passes it to the ureter. |
| Each kidney has several vital structures: Nephrons: | The functional units of the kidney, each consisting of a glomerulus and a tubular system (proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct). Each kidney contains approximately one million nephrons. |
| Ureters: | The ureters are muscular tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. They are approximately 25-30 cm long and use peristaltic contractions to move urine. |
| . Urinary Bladder: | The bladder is a hollow, muscular organ located in the pelvis. It stores urine until it is ready to be expelled. The bladder wall contains layers of muscle known as the detrusor muscle, which contracts during urination. |
| The bladder can typically hold _______________ml of urine. | 300-500 |
| Urethra: | The urethra is a tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. |
| In males, the urethra is approximately _____ cm long and also carries semen. | 20 |
| In females, the urethra is about __cm long. | 4 |
| The urethra has two sphincters: | the internal urethral sphincter (involuntary control) and the external urethral sphincter (voluntary control). |
| Physiology of the Urinary System : 1 Filtration | The kidneys filter gallons of fluid from the blood each day .This filtrate contains water, ions, glucose, amino acids, and waste products. |
| Physiology of the Urinary System : 2 Reabsorption | As the filtrate passes through the tubular system of the nephron, essential substances such as water, glucose, and ions are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. |
| Physiology of the Urinary System : 3 Secretion | Additional waste products and excess ions are secreted into the tubular fluid from the blood. This process occurs mainly in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. |
| Physiology of the Urinary System : 4 Excretion | The final urine, containing waste products and excess substances, collects in the renal pelvis and is transported to the bladder via the ureters. When the bladder is full, urine is expelled through the urethra during urination (micturition) |
| The glomerulus is? | network of capillaries, filters blood to form a filtrate. |
| Most reabsorption occurs in the proximal? | convoluted tubule, with additional fine-tuning in the loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct. |
| The urinary system is regulated by several mechanisms to maintain ? | Homeostasis |
| Regulation of the Urinary System -> Hormonal Regulation | Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) , Aldosterone, Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): | Produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland, ADH increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts, reducing urine volume. |
| Aldosterone: | Secreted by the adrenal cortex, aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, influencing water reabsorption indirectly. |
| Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP): | Released by the heart's atria in response to high blood pressure, ANP decreases sodium reabsorption, increasing urine output. |
| Regulation of the Urinary System -> Autoregulation | The kidneys can adjust the diameter of the afferent and efferent arterioles to maintain a constant glomerular filtration rate (GFR) despite changes in blood pressure. |
| Regulation of the Urinary System -> Neural Regulation | The autonomic nervous system, particularly the sympathetic nervous system, can influence kidney function and blood flow. |
| Clinical Considerations : Kidney Stones: | Hard deposits of minerals and salts that form in the kidneys and can cause severe pain. |
| Clinical Considerations : Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): | Infections that can affect any part of the urinary system, commonly the bladder and urethra |
| Clinical Considerations : Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): | A progressive loss of kidney function over time, which can lead to kidney failure. |
| Clinical Considerations : Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): | A sudden decrease in kidney function, often due to injury or illness. |
| Clinical Considerations : Hypertension: | High blood pressure can damage the kidneys over time, leading to CKD. |
| dialysis treatment to | filter their blood, remove waste, remove excess fluid, and restore electrolyte balance. |
| Function of the organ: Ureters | Your kidneys make urine by filtering waste & extra water from your blood. The urine travels from kidneys to bladder in 2 thin tubes Called URETERS |
| Function of the organ: Bladder | The urinary bladder, or simply bladder is a hollow organ in humans and other vertebrates that store urine from kidneys before disposal by urination |
| Function of the organ: Urethra | Urethra, duct that transmits urine from the bladder to exterior of the body during urination |
| Function of the organ: Kidney | Their main job is to cleanse the blood of toxins and transform the waste into urine. Each weights out 160grams and get rid of between 1 and 1 1/2 liters of urine per day |
| Components of the Urinary system : Nephrons | Each of your kidneys is made up about a million filtering units called nephrons. Each nephron includes a filter called the glomerulus and a tubule |
| Components of the Urinary system : Glomerulus | The filtering unit of the kidneys , is a specialized bundle of capillaries that are uniquely situated between 2 resistance vessels |
| Components of the Urinary system : Normal Urine output | is generally 0.5 to 1.5 to mL/kg/hour, typically averaging 800 to 2,000 mL (about 27–68 oz) per day with normal fluid intake. A common, simplified rule is roughly 30–70 mL per hour, or urinating 6–8 times in 24 hours |
| Symptoms of Kidney Failure | severe swelling (edema) in legs/ankles, decreased urine output, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting, confusion, and shortness of breath. Other key indicators are persistent itching, muscle cramps, and foamy or blood-tinged urine |
| Urinary system : Processing | The kidney refine this filtrate, keep necessary substance and excreting waste in the form of urine |
| Urinary system : Elimination | The kidneys remove waste, toxin , drugs, and gases from the body |
| Urinary system : Regulation | Kidneys help balance water, salts, acids, and bases in the bloods. Additionally the kidneys produce renin(for bp regulation) & Erythropoietin (stimulates RBC production) |
| Diabetes insipidus or diabetes mellitus would most likely be indicated by ________. | POLYURIA |
| The color of urine is determined mainly by ________. | byproducts of red blood cell breakdown |
| Production of less than 50 mL/day of urine is called ________. | Anuria |
| Peristaltic contractions occur in the ________. | ureters |
| Somatic motor neurons must be ________ to relax the external urethral sphincter to allow urination. | inhibited |
| Which part of the urinary system is not completely retroperitoneal? | bladder |
| The right kidney is slightly lower because ________. | it is displaced by the liver. The right kidney sits slightly lower (inferior) than the left kidney because the liver occupies a large amount of space in the upper right quadrant of the abdominal cavity |
| The functional unit of the kidney is called ________. | the nephron |
| What is suggested by the presence of white blood cells found in the urine? | UTI |
| Why are females more likely to contract bladder infections than males? | a shorter urethra (about 1-2 inches) allows bacteria to reach the bladder faster, and its close proximity to the anus/vagina increases bacterial contamination risk. Other factors include hormonal changes (menopause/pregnancy) and sexual activity |
| What anatomical structures provide protection to the kidney? | renal capsule, perirenal fat (adipose capsule), and renal fascia (Gerota's fascia), which anchor them in place. Additionally, the lower ribcage, back muscles, and their retroperitoneal position provide structural, shock-absorbing protection. |
| Name at least five symptoms of kidney failure. | Swelling , changes in urination, extreme fatigue , nausea and vomiting , itchy/dry skin , foamy or blood urine , shorten of breath |
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