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Rad102 Final Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe the levels of structures of the body | The structural organization of the human body from smallest to largest is chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, and organism level |
| What is the most common lethal nosocomial infection? | pneumonia |
| List the structures that are protected within the bony thorax. | heart, lungs, and major blood vessels |
| What procedure helps alleviate and drain fluid within the pleural cavity | |
| Osteology | study of the bones |
| Arthrology | study of the joints |
| Ossification | process by which bones form within the body |
| Body Habitus | Sthenic: average (50%) Hyposthenic: more slender (35%) Hypersthenic: broad frame (5%) Asthenic: very thin (10%) |
| Radiograph | an image of a patient’s anatomic parts, as produced by the action of x- rays on an image receptor. Can be viewed, manipulated and stored |
| Pathology | is the study of disease any abnormal disturbance of the function or structure of the human body |
| Etiology | The study of the cause of a disease Virus, Bacteria, Fungus, Trauma, Heat, Chemical Agents, Poor Nutrition |
| Diagnosis | the identification of disease |
| Morphology | The structure of cells or tissue |
| Congenital | disease present at birth resulting from genetic or environmental factors |
| Hereditary | caused by developmental disorders genetically transmitted, derived from ancestors |
| Inflammatory | results from body’s reaction to a localized injurious agent – infective, toxic and allergic diseases |
| Degenerative | caused by deterioration of the body, associated with the aging process |
| Metabolic | caused by a disturbance of the normal physiologic function within the body |
| Traumatic | result from outside forces |
| Neoplastic | results in new, abnormal tissue growth, related to tumors and cancer |
| Proliferation | refers to cell division |
| Differentiation | process of cellular specialization |
| Bony Thorax | A part of the skeletal system that provides a protective framework for the organs it encompasses |
| what does AP Lordotic visualize? | Visualizes the apices of the lungs free from superimposition from the clavicles |
| A chest x ray is taken when? | Exposure taken at the end of second full inspiration |
| Hemothorax | a type of pleural effusion resulting from trauma that contains blood within pleural cavity |
| Pneumothorax | “collapsed lung,” a condition where air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall, putting pressure on the lung which prevents the lung from fully expanding. Can occur by trauma or spontaneously |
| Pneumectomy | the surgical removal of the lung |
| Lobectomy | the surgical removal of a lobe of the lung |
| Sternum | Thin, narrow flat bone with 3 divisions: the manubrium, body and xiphoid process |
| Osteomyelitis | infection of bone or bone marrow that may be caused by bacteria introduced by trauma |
| Smith Fracture | transverse fracture of the distal radius in which the distal fragment is displaced anteriorly – reverse of Colles fracture |
| Colles Fracture | transverse fracture of the distal radius in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly |
| Joint Effusion | accumulated fluid in joint cavity. It is a sign of an underlying condition, such as fracture, dislocation or inflammation |
| Open / Compound | Fracture in which the bone has broken through the skin |
| Closed / Simple | Fracture in which the bone stays within the body and does not break the skin |
| Comminuted Fractures | When one or more fragments separate along the edges of the major fragment (shattered) |
| Complete, Noncomminuted Fractures | When the bone has separated into two fragments – spiral / oblique fractures are examples. Results from a rotary type injury that twists the bone apart. Transverse, pathologic and multiple fractures are other types of complete, noncomminuted fractures. |
| Avulsion Fractures | When a fragment of bone is pulled away from the shaft. Often occurs near joints because of ligament/tendon tearing. Associated with sprains and dislocations. |
| Enchondroma Benign Cartilaginous Tumors | found in the small bones of the feet in adolescents and young adults. Radiolucent-appearing tumors and often lead to pathologic fracture with minimal trauma |
| Gout | form of arthritis in which uric acid appears in excessive quantities in the blood. Common sites are first MTP joint. More common in men than women. |
| Lisfranc Joint Injuries | area of foot that is prone to stress injuries to midfoot. Athletes are often affected. Lisfranc ligament is the articulation between the medial cuneiform and 1st and 2nd metatarsals. Seen on weight-bearing feet exams |
| Joint Effusion | accumulated fluid in the joint cavity. Sign of an underlying condition (fracture, dislocation, soft tissue damage) |
| Osteoclastomas (giant cell tumors) | benign lesions that occur on long bones of young adults, on proximal tibia, near the epiphyseal closure. Appear as large “bubbles.” |
| Rickets (Osteomalacia) | “bone softening,” deficiency of calcium, phosphorus or vitamin D that causes the lack of bone mineralization. Can cause a bowing effect in weight-bearing long bones and is most common in toddlers. |
| Chondromalacia patellae | “runner’s knee,” softening of the cartilage under the patella, causing erosion of cartilage. Cyclists and runners are vulnerable to this condition |
| Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) | hip dislocations caused by conditions present at birth. |
| The medial malleolus is part of the | Tibia |
| What type of rotation from an AP position of the ankle will typically produce a mortise projection? | 15- to 20-degree medial |
| Which projection of the knee will best demonstrate the neck of the fibula without superimposition of the tibia? | AP oblique with medial rotation |
Created by:
dani.vouga04