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GI System
Gastrointestinal (GI) System CCMA
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The gastrointestinal (GI) system, also known as the digestive system, does what? | break down food, absorb nutrients, and expel waste. |
| The GI tract maintaining overall health by ensuring that the body receives the? | necessary nutrients to function properly. |
| Benefits received by the digestive system :Cardiovascular | Blood supplies digestive organs with oxygen and processed nutrients |
| Benefits received by the digestive system: Endocrine | Endocrine hormones help regulate secretion in digestive glands and accessory organs |
| Benefits received by the digestive system : Integumentary | Skin helps protect digestive organs and synthesizes vitamin D for calcium absorption |
| Benefits received by the digestive system : Lymphatic | Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and other lymphatic tissue defend against entry of pathogens; lacteals absorb lipids; and lymphatic vessels transport lipids to bloodstream |
| Benefits received by the digestive system : Muscular | Skeletal muscles support and protect abdominal organs |
| Benefits received by the digestive system: Nervous | Sensory and motor neurons help regulate secretion and muscle contractions in digestive tract |
| Benefits received by the digestive system : Respiratory | Respiratory organs provide oxygen and remove carbon dioxide |
| Benefits received by the digestive system : Skeletal | Bones help protect and support digestive organs |
| Benefits received by the digestive system : Urinary | Kidneys covert vitamin D into active form , allowing calcium absorption in the small intestine |
| Components of the GI : Mouth ; Teeth | The GI process begins in the mouth, where food is ingested. The mouth contains teeth, which mechanically break down food into smaller pieces through chewing. |
| Components of the GI : Mouth ; Saliva | produced by the salivary glands, contains enzymes like amylase that start the chemical digestion of carbohydrates |
| Components of the GI : Mouth ; Tongue | The tongue helps in mixing food with saliva and forming a bolus for swallowing. |
| Components of the GI : Pharynx (Throat) | The pharynx, or throat, serves as a pathway for the bolus to enter the esophagus. |
| Components of the GI : Esophagus | The esophagus is a muscular tube that transports food from the pharynx to the stomach through a series of coordinated muscle contractions called peristalsis. |
| Components of the GI : Stomach | The stomach is a muscular, J-shaped organ located in the upper abdomen. It serves multiple functions: |
| Components of the GI : Small Intestine | The small intestine is a long, coiled tube divided into three sections: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. It is the primary site for nutrient absorption and digestion. |
| Components of the GI : Small Intestine ; Duodenum | Receives chyme from the stomach and digestive juices from the pancreas and liver. Pancreatic enzymes and bile aid in the digestion of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. |
| Components of the GI : Small Intestine ; Jejunum and Ileum | These sections continue the process of nutrient absorption. The inner walls are lined with villi and microvilli, which increase the surface area for absorption |
| Components of the GI : Liver | Produces bile, which emulsifies fats, making them easier to digest. The liver also processes nutrients absorbed from the small intestine and detoxifies harmful substances. |
| Components of the GI : Gallbladder | Stores and concentrates bile, releasing it into the small intestine when needed |
| Components of the GI : Pancreas | Produces digestive enzymes (lipase, amylase, proteases) and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine. |
| Components of the GI : Large intestine | The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes from indigestible food residues, forming and storing feces. It is divided into the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. |
| Components of the GI : Large intestine ; Colon | The colon contains beneficial bacteria that help ferment undigested carbohydrates and synthesize certain vitamins (e.g., vitamin K). |
| Components of the GI : Rectum and Anus | The rectum stores feces until they are expelled through the anus during defecation. |
| Mechanical digestion: | The stomach's muscular walls churn the food, mixing it with gastric juices to form chyme. |
| Chemical digestion: | Gastric juices, containing hydrochloric acid (HCl) and digestive enzymes like pepsin, break down proteins into smaller peptides. |
| Protection of the stomach: | The acidic environment helps kill bacteria and other pathogens ingested with food. |
| Physiology of the GI System : Digestion | The breakdown of food into smaller molecules through mechanical and chemical processes. By mechanical digestion and chemical digestion |
| Physiology of the GI System : Absorption | The transfer of digested nutrients from the lumen of the GI tract into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. This primarily occurs in the small intestine. |
| Physiology of the GI System : Motility | The movement of food through the GI tract, facilitated by peristalsis and segmentation (mixing movements). |
| Physiology of the GI System : Secretion | The release of digestive juices, enzymes, bile, and mucus to aid in digestion and protect the GI tract lining. |
| Physiology of the GI System : Excretion | The removal of indigestible substances and waste products from the body through defecation. |
| The GI system is regulated by | neural and hormonal mechanisms |
| Regulation of the GI System -> Neural regulation: | The enteric nervous system (ENS) controls local GI functions, while the central nervous system (CNS) can influence GI activity through autonomic nerves (sympathetic and parasympathetic). |
| Regulation of the GI System -> Hormonal regulation: | Various hormones (e.g., gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin) are released by the GI tract to coordinate digestive processes, such as enzyme secretion, bile release, and gastric acid production. |
| Where does majority of digestion happen and where the most nutrients are absorbed into the blood or lymph ? | Small Intestine |
| Alimentary Canal main function | Is to nourish the body . Aliment = to nourish |
| Alimentary Canal | 30foot, muscular tube running from mouth 2 anus that digests food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste. Includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine. It works via ingestion, digestion, absorption, and excretion |
| Digestive accessory structures are | organs that aid digestion by secreting enzymes, bile, or mechanically breaking down food, but are not part of the direct gastrointestinal (GI) tube. Key structures include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas |
| Core Histological Layers : Mucosa | Innermost layer, composed of epithelial tissue (varies by region), lamina propria (connective tissue, blood vessels), and muscularis mucosae (thin smooth muscle). |
| Core Histological Layers : Submucosa | Thick connective tissue layer containing blood/lymph vessels and the submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus that controls secretions. |
| Core Histological Layers : Muscularis Externa | Typically two layers of smooth muscle (inner circular, outer longitudinal) responsible for peristalsis, with the myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus between them. |
| Core Histological Layers : Serosa/Adventitia: | Outermost connective tissue layer |
| Enterocytes | Absorptive cells with microvilli. |
| Goblet Cells: | Mucus-secreting cells (increasing in number toward the colon) |
| Parietal Cells: | Secrete HCl in the stomach. |
| Chief Cells: | Secrete pepsinogen in the stomach |
| The myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus) | lies in the muscularis layer of the alimentary canal and is responsible for motility, especially the rhythm and force of the contractions of the muscularis. |
| The submucosal plexus (plexus of Meissner) lies | in the submucosal layer and is responsible for regulating digestive secretions and reacting to the presence of food |
| The peritoneum is a | thin, serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity (parietal layer) and covering abdominal organs (visceral layer), forming a sac with a small amount of lubricating fluid. It supports organs, provides a pathway for blood vessels/nerves, and helps prevent |
| The peritoneum is made of 2 different region | the parietal peritoneum, which lines the abdominal wall, and the visceral peritoneum, which envelopes the abdominal organs The peritoneal cavity is the space bounded by the visceral and parietal peritoneal surfaces. |
| Which of these organs is not considered an accessory digestive structure? A.mouth B.salivary glands C.pancreas D.liver | A. mouth |
| Which of the following organs is supported by a layer of adventitia rather than serosa? A.esophagus B..stomach C.small intestine D.large intestine | A. esophagus |
| Which of the following membranes covers the stomach? A.falciform ligament B.mesocolon C.parietal peritoneum D.visceral peritoneum | D.visceral peritoneum |
| Which of these processes occurs in the mouth? A.ingestion B.mechanical digestion C.chemical digestion D.all of the above | D. ALL of the above |
| Which processes occurs throughout most of the alimentary canal? | Propulsion |
| Which of the stimuli activates sensors in the walls of digestive organs? | Distension |
| True or false? Short reflexes are provoked by nerves near the GI tract. | FALSE |
| Which ingredient in saliva is responsible for activating salivary amylase? | Chloride ions |
| Ture or false? The oropharynx is continuous superiorly with the nasopharynx. | TRUE |
| Which structure is located where the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm? | Esophageal Hiatus |
| Which phase of deglutition involves contraction of the longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis? | Esophageal phase |
| Which cells secrete hormones ? | Enteroendocrine cell |
| Where does the majority of chemical digestion in the stomach occur? | Fundus and body |
| During gastric emptying, chyme is released into the duodenum through the ________. | Pyloric sphincter |
| Parietal cells secrete ________. | Gastrin |
| In which part of the alimentary canal does most digestion occur? | Proximal small intestine |
| Which of these is most associated with villi? haustra lacteals bacterial flora intestinal glands | Lacteals |
| What is the role of the small intestine’s MALT? | preventing bacteria from entering the bloodstream |
| Which part of the large intestine attaches to the appendix? | Cecum |
| Which of these statements about bile is true? About 500 mL is secreted daily. Its main function is the denaturation of proteins. It is synthesized in the gallbladder. Bile salts are recycled. | Bile salts are recycled |
| Pancreatic juice ________. | Buffers chyme |
| Where does the chemical digestion of starch begin? | Mouth |
| Which of these is involved in the chemical digestion of protein? pancreatic amylase trypsin sucrase pancreatic nuclease | Trypsin |
| Where are most fat-digesting enzymes produced? | Pancreas |
| Which of these nutrients is absorbed mainly in the duodenum? glucose iron sodium water | IRON |
| What prevents swallowed food from entering the airways? | Epiglottis |
| During a hockey game, the puck hits a player in the mouth, knocking out all eight of his most anterior teeth. Which teeth did the player lose and how does this loss affect food ingestion? | The player lost their 4 upper & 4 lower incisors, which are the 8 most anterior teeth. These teeth are designed for biting /cutting food, so their loss makes it difficult2 bite in2 solid, hard food, requiring the player to consume smaller/softer foods. |
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CATCCMA