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chapter:9 cells

TermDefinition
Elements: any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
Compounds: when 2 or more elements chemically combine.
Organic compounds: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Organic compounds must contain carbon.
Inorganic compounds: water. Inorganic compounds DO NOT contain carbon.
Carbohydrates: energy rich organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Items that have sugar and starches would be carbohydrates. Examples: potatoes, pasta, rice, and bread.
Lipids: Fats, oils, and waxes. Examples: whole milk, ice cream, and fried foods.
Proteins: large organic molecules made mostly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. Examples: meat, dairy, fish, nuts, beans.
Enzymes: a group of proteins that helps speed up chemical reactions in living things.
Nucleic Acids: Long organic compounds made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Nucleic acids contain the instructions that carry out all the functions of life.
DNA: The genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring. Double Helix: Shape of the DNA molecule
Passive Transport: When materials go in and out of the cell WITHOUT using energy.
Diffusion: The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Osmosis: The movement of WATER molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.
Selectively permeable: means some substances can cross the membrane while others cannot.
Active transport: When materials go in and out of the cell using energy.
Endocytosis: The cell changes shape and engulfs the particle.
Exocytosis: The reverse process, which allows large particles to exit the cell.
INTERPHASE Chromosomes are copied (# doubles) • Chromosomes appear as threadlike coils (chromatin) at the start, but each chromosome and its copy (sister chromosome) change to sister chromatids at end of this phase
PROPHASE Mitosis begins (cell begins to divide) • Centrioles (or poles) appear and begin to move to opposite ends of cell • Spindle fibers form between the poles
METAPHASE • Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) attach to the spindle fibers
ANAPHASE Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell
TELOPHASE • Two new nuclei form • Chromosomes appear as chromatin (threads rather than rods) • Mitosis ends
CYTOKINESIS • Cell membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells - each with its own nucleus with identical chromosomes
Created by: user-2006770
 

 



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