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PSYC Ch.4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| sex | In psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male, female, and intersex. |
| gender | In psychology, the behavioral characteristics that people associate with boy, girl, man, and woman. (Refer also to gender identity.) |
| intersex | Possessing male and female biological sexual characteristics at birth. |
| binary | Identifying as either male or female. |
| nonbinary | Not identifying as solely male or solely female. |
| aggression | Any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally. |
| relational aggression | An act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing. |
| X chromosome | The sex chromosome found in females and males. Females typically have two X chromosomes; males typically have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child. |
| Y chromosome | The sex chromosome typically found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child. |
| testosterone | A male sex hormone. Males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period, and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. |
| estrogens | Sex hormones, such as estradiol, that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. |
| puberty | The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. |
| primary sex characteristics | The body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible. |
| secondary sex characteristics | Nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair. |
| spermarche [sper-MAR-key) | The first ejaculation. |
| menarche [meh-NAR-key) | The first menstrual period. |
| role | A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. |
| gender role | A set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for men and for women. |
| sexual aggression | Any physical or verbal behavior of a sexual nature that is unwanted or intended to harm someone physically or emotionally. Can be expressed as either sexual harassment or sexual assault. |
| gender identity | Our personal sense of being male, female, neither, or some combination of male and female. |
| social learning theory | The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished. |
| gender typing | The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role. |
| androgyny | Blending traditionally masculine and traditionally feminine psychological characteristics. |
| transgender | An umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their biological sex. |
| sexuality | Our thoughts, feelings, and actions related to our physical attraction to another. |
| asexual | Having no sexual attraction toward others. |
| sexual response cycle | The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson — excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. |
| refractory period | In human sexuality, a resting pause that occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm. |
| sexual dysfunction | A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning. |
| erectile disorder | Inability to develop or maintain an erection. |
| female orgasmic disorder | Distress due to weak orgasmic feelings, or infrequently or never experiencing orgasm. |
| paraphilias | Sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviors, or urges involving nonhuman objects, the suffering of self or others, and/or nonconsenting persons. |
| AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) | A life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a sexually transmitted infection. AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections. |
| social script | A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations. |
| sexual orientation | The direction of our sexual attractions, as reflected in our longings and fantasies. |
| evolutionary psychology | The study of how our behavior and mind have changed in adaptive ways over time due to natural selection. |
| natural selection | The principle that the inherited traits enabling an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will (in competition with other trait variations) most likely be passed on to subsequent generations. |
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PSYC