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T3 Theory pt 1

Sociology and Science

QuestionAnswer
According to Popper, what are the Five Characteristics of Science? Empiricism, Testability, Theoretical Framework, Cumulative Knowledge, Objectivity
According to Popper, what is Empiricism? Science relies on measurable and countable data, ensuring that findings are based on observable evidence
According to Popper, what is Testability? Scientific knowledge must be testable and capable of being proven right or wrong through experimentation
According to Popper, what is a Theoretical Framework? Science seeks to establish causal relationships, going beyond mere description to explain phenomena
According to Popper, what is Cumulative Knowledge? Science builds upon prior findings to expand understanding, creating a body of knowledge that evolves over time. A theory is never 'proven' only temporarily corroborated until a newer, better theory is made
According to Popper, what is Objectivity? Personal biases and values must not influence scientific findings, ensuring that research remains neutral and replicable
How do Positivists argue that Sociology is a Science? 1. Social Facts. 2. Objectivity. 3. Determinism. 4. Quantitative Data. 5. The Hypothetico-Deductive Model
According to Positivists, what are Social Facts? Social facts are aspects of society that exist externally to an one individual and have predictable influences on individual's behaviours
According to Positivists, what is Objectivity? Something is objective when it is based on facts and not influenced by personal beliefs or feelings, social facts are objective. Objective social facts are studied to describe universal laws that explain how society functions
According to Positivists, what is Determinism? Society is part of the natural world, like the natural world, individuals behaviours are deterministic: they are out of the individuals control and instead governed by social forces that should be studied to explain society
According to Positivists, what is Quantitative Data? Used to study patterns and trends in society. Quantitative data is numerical so allows for larger groups and institutions to be studied
According to Positivists, what is The Hypothetico-Deductive Model? Positivists create theories about society and find evidence through research and experiments to prove their theory right or wrong. If their original theory is proven wrong, a positivist will change their theory to match the evidence collected
According to Interpretivists, how is Sociology not a Science? 1. Social Constructs. 2. Subjectivity. 3. Free Will. 4. Qualitative Data. 5. Grounded Theory and Induction
According to Interpretivists, what are Social Constructs? Ideas that are influenced by the collective internal assumptions of individuals
According to Interpretivists, what is Subjectivity? Society is influenced by personal beliefs or feelings, rather than facts
According to Interpretivists, what is Free Will? Society is fundamentally different to the natural world, unlike the natural world, humans have free will to make decisions. Sociologists must study the personal experiences and choices of individuals to understand society
According to Interpretivists, what is Qualitative Data? Non numerical data that is used to study individuals and subjective experiences. Often establishing verstehen is used to truly understand other individuals
According to Interpretivists, what is Grounded Theory and Induction? Sociologists gain qualitative experiences and interpretations to induce (generate) general theories that explain the experiences
According to the Post Modernist, Lyotard, how can Sociology by a Science if we Reject Science Metanarratives? There is no one definition of science. There are many valid world views, science cannot claim to be the only way to explain and understand society. If we reject the overarching idea of what science is, then sociology can be considered a science
What is an evaluation of Reject Science Metanarratives? Suggesting that there are no metanarratives, as society is so uncertain, is in itself a metanarrative
According to Keat and Urry, what are Open and Closed Systems? Closed Systems: Easy to measure experiments with closed variables which most sciences use. Open Systems: Complex realistic environments that cannot be controlled, used be some sciences and sociology
According to Keat and Urry, how do Open and Closed Systems explain why Sociology could be considered a Science? Many sciences use open systems and cannot make precise predictions, such as Meteorologists, so sociology should be considered a science too as it meets the same criteria
What is an evaluation of Open and Closed Systems? Sociology is too complex, different aspects of sociology may use varying levels of open and closed systems. Sociology cannot be categorised as one or the other
According to Popper, how can Sociology be a Science if it conforms to Falsifiability? Falsifiability: The possibility of being proven wrong through evidence. Sociology could be a science if it made claims that were able to be proven wrong through evidence and avoided unfalsifiable claims
What is an evaluation of Falsifiability? Society is too complex to make simple testable claims as there are too many interacting factors affecting one another
According to Kuhn, how can Sociology be a Science if it used Paradigms? Paradigms: A shared framework of theories, methods, and assumptions used to guid scientific research. For example, all physicists agree on the laws of gravity. When sociology possesses a single shared paradigm, it will be a science
What is an evaluation of Paradigms? Sociology is built off of multiple perspectives and approaches, one single paradigm would never work. Kuhn also overestimates how much 'real' scientists agree with each other
Created by: Skyelark
 

 



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