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Blood Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Blood Functions 1 | Transports - delivers O2 and nutrients along with metabolic waste products (CO2 and nitrogenous waste in urine), hormone from endocrine. |
| Blood Functions 2 | Regulation - Body temp, maintain pH, acts as a buffer, and reservoir for bicarbonate ions, and maintaining fluid volume by proteins preventing excessive fluid loss into tissue spaces |
| Blood Functions 3 | Protection - Preventing blood loss and prevent infection (clotting) |
| Components of blood | Plasma (55%), Buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets 1%), and erythrocytes (45%) |
| Characteristics of blood | Opaque, 4 times thicker than water, slightly alkaline (7.35-7.45), 8% of body weight and varies inversely with body fat, and temp is 104˙ |
| Plasma | 90% water and 10% solute, 10% solute in made up of electrolytes or most abundant minerals such as K, Na, Ca, Mg to maintain osmotic pressure and maintain normal blood pH, |
| Plasma proteins | 8% of solute include proteins, and 60% of that 8% is albumin, which is produced by the liver, and maintains osmotic pressure and blood volume. |
| Globulin | 36% of plasma proteins, transports lipids, metal ions, and fat soluble, and vitamins |
| Fibrinogen | 4% of plasma proteins and produced by liver, forms fibrin threads of blood that allow blood clotting. |
| Formed elements | Cellular components held by plasma, erythrocytes have no nuclei and platelets are cell fragments, RBC don't divide, but stem cells do and produce RBC, in RBM because they only last 120 days. |
| Structural components | Bioconcave discs, bags of hemoglobin and function for gas transport, structural proteins allow erythrocytes to change shape in order to fit through capillaries. |
| Function of erythrocytes | Hemoglobin - a protein that makes RBC red, binds to O2 13-16 for men and 12-14 for women, and made up of red heme pigment which binds to oxygen and an iron in the middle that can hold up to four oxygen. |
| Why hemoglobin is present in the erythrocytes | Hemoglobin is present in erythrocytes rather than existing free in plasma because it prevent the hemoglobin from breaking into fragments that would leak out if in the blood stream |
| Oxyhemoglobin | Oxygen loading occurs in the lungs and moves from longs to tissue cells, as O2 diffuses from the air sacs of the lungs into tissue cells to the blood to erythrocytes, when combined with O2 and hemoglobin create oxyhemoglobin that is scarlet red |
| Deoxyhemoglobin | Occurs reversely, O2 detaches from iron, resumes previous shape, and diffuses in tissue liquids and cells, appears as dark red and is also it's reduced state - dark red |
| Carbinohemoglobin | Only about 20% of CO2 transported in blood combines with hemoglobin, but binds to globulin instead of the heme group, occurs when the hemoglobin is in its reduced state - dark red, happens in tissues -> lungs -> CO2 eliminated |
| Hormonal control | erythropoietin is a hormone that stimulates production of red blood cells in kidney, females are noticed to have less because their sex hormones are not as stimulant as testosterone which is in males. |
| Erythrocytes disorders | Anemia a common condition caused by a lack of healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin, which reduces oxygen flow to body tissues, resulting in fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and dizziness. It is caused by blood loss, low red blood cell production, |
| Hemorrhagic anemia | Blood loss due to bleeding |
| Iron deficiency | Not enough RBC, secondary result of ha, also inadequate intake or iron consumption or absorption, bc hemoglobin needs iron. |
| Pernicious anemia | Autoimmune, immune cells destroy the stomach mucosa which produce the intrinsic factor needed for vitamin b12 which is necessary to carry O2. |
| Aplastic anemia | Results from destruction or inhibition of red marrow by drugs chemical or wrong transfusion |
| Hemolytic anemia | Blood cells destroyed too easy prematurely which leads to hemoglobin abnormalities |
| Thalassemia | Mediterranean and globulin chain is absent causing erythrocytes to be thin and delicate and is hemoglobin deficient |
| Sickle cell anemia | variant form of hemoglobin in red blood cells, which become distorted into a crescent shape at low oxygen levels, leading to their premature destruction and often to blockages of small blood vessels. It is most common among people of African descent. |
| Polycythemia | often chronic, blood disorder characterized by an excess of red blood cells (RBCs) that thickens blood, increasing risks of clotting, stroke, and organ damage |
| Promoting clotting - rough endothelium | Normally, damaged (rough), it exposes the underlying basement membrane and collagen, activating platelets to adhere and initiate clotting. It also stops producing anti-thrombotic molecules like nitric oxide and prostacyclin. |
| Promoting clotting - plaques | fatty deposits accumulate in the artery wall, creating a rough, surface. Plaque rupture or erosion exposes highly thrombogenic materials to the blood, initiating clotting , plaque-associated inflammation induces macrophages to release tissue factor |
| Promoting clotting - slow blood flow | slow or turbulent flow allows for the accumulation of clotting factors, platelets, and fibrin. It prevents the dilution of activated coagulation factors and reduces the delivery of natural anticoagulants, encouraging thrombus formation |
| Transfusions | whole - all parts of blood, packed red cells - only RBC, usuallt for anemia, plasma = dehydration or until getting blood and death can result from low blood volume. |
| Hemocytoblast | Cells that make blood found in RBM |
| Diapedesis | the essential immune process where leukocytes (white blood cells) pass through intact blood vessel walls into surrounding tissue to fight infection or inflammation |
| Blood doping | may include injections of erythropoietin, artificial stimulating drugs, or injecting RBC |
| Pus | a thick, opaque, usually yellowish-white, fluid matter that is formed as part of an inflammatory response typically associated with an infection |
| G. Neutrophil | Main bacteria slayers and fungi. High levels (neutrophilia) often signal infection, inflammation, or stress, typically causing symptoms like fever or pain. Leukemia, and die very fast - phagocyte |
| g. Eosinophil | Parasitic infection |
| g. basophil | histamine inflammation. |
| ag. monocytes | largest Wbc, and macrophages, garbage |
| Lymphocyte | B and T cells, Both cells mature in bone marrow, but T leaves to thymus. B cells produce antibodies to fight extracellular pathogens (humoral immunity), while T cells directly kill infected cells or help activate other immune cells |
| CBC | blood test that measures the number and types of cells in your blood—specifically red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets—to assess overall health and detect conditions like anemia, infection, or leukemia |
| White blood differential | drop of blood is placed on slide and determines how many of each WBC are there. |
| Process essay | blood vessel damaged, damaged tissue releases thromboplastin, in Ca presence produces prothrombin activator, prothrombin is converted intoo thrombin, then comes into contact with fibrinogen, fibrinogen turn into fibrin which sticks to the damaged area, |
| Process essay 2 | Blood cells stick to fibrin or long insoluble threads, essential for blood clotting, does not usuallt clot unles moving slow or still |
| Diagnostic blood tests | hematocrit plasma v cells, blood glucose test , microscopic examination (shape and size), Prothrombin time and Platelet time (clotting) SMAC blood chem profile |
| developmental | yolk sac - 7th month after fertilization, producing cells in bm, HBf = affinity for oxygen, fetuses can strip O2 from mother |
| Old people | prone to leukemia, WB cancer and clotting problem, loosig platelets and blood cells |
Created by:
nuhaSalim