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History
Renaissance chap 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the word renaissance mean | Refers to the rebirth of European interest in the civilisations on Ancient Greece and Rome. |
| What is humanism | The shift in mindset from a focus on god to focus on human knowledge, |
| What art was focused on in renaissance | Real word,nature,real people,realism basically, |
| Where did renaissance start | Italy |
| Name same reasons why renaissance started in Italy | The ruins of Roman Empire Fall of Constantinople in 1453 Wealth from trade New ideas from trade Competition between Italian city states Patrons |
| Explain ruins of Roman Empire | Italy was centre of ancient Roman Empire,remains of Roman buildings and art were everywhere,the Italian language was based on Latin making it easier for people to read ancient works,ruins inspired Italians,they wanted to copy ancestors |
| Explain fall of Constantinople in 1453 | Constantinople was capital of eastern Roman (Byzantine) empire,captured by ottoman turks in 1453, Greek scholars fled to Italy,brought priceless Roman + Ancient Greek manuscripts,full of ideas from ancient world then Italians hasn’t seen |
| Explain wealth from trade | Italy was in centre of Mediterranean,meaning it grew rich on trade in goods coming from overland from the east,e,g silks and spices,these merchants had money to spend on art and architecture to demonstrate their wealth and power |
| Explain new ideas from trade | Merchants from Italy travelled to e,g china,Arabia ect and return with ideas from these advanced civilisations,e.g Arabs taught then maths,and introduced Arabic number system into Europe. |
| Explain competition between Italian city states | Italy was made up of independent city states,in competition with each other over territory,trade,ect,to show who was most rich and powerful they all hired artists to build great buildings and art to show their city in positive light, |
| Give an example of a Italian city state | Florence |
| What was a patron | A patron was a wealthy person who hired (commissioned) a artist to produce a work of art for them, |
| Explain how patrons weee a reason the renaissance began in Italy, | Patrons spent huge sums of money to beautify their churches and cathedrals,kings and governments wanted art that would glorify their countries and cities,usually private individuals used art to show their wealth |
| ,give one exmaple of a important family of art patrons | The de Medici of Florence |
| What do we know about Florence? | By 1400 Florence was the wealthiest city in Rome,Florence was a republic,population over 100,000, it’s wealth came from wool trade and later from banking,the florentines were proud of their city willing to spend slot on art to decorate their city, |
| Who had most of the power of Florence | Florence was a republic but most of the power in the city was in the hands of the de Medici family |
| Why did the de Medici family have so much power | Because they owned the largest bank in the city,used their money to ensure men who controlled city did what they pleased,ensured Florence remained at peace with neighbours,peace was good for trade and business |
| Name two people from the de Medici family | Cosimo de Medici ( 1389-1464) and his grandson lorenzo (1449-1492) |
| What did these two do? | Sponsored artists,architectures,opened schools for study of Roman and Greek manuscripts,made academe’s for sculptors in their palace |
| What did Medival artists paint | Religious images e,g scenes from bible,especially life of Jesus, |
| Why did the Medival artists paint these? | To influence people to follow teachings of Catholic Church. |
| What did Medival artists paint on | Wooden panels (which cracked easily) or onto walls while the plaster was wet,(known as fresco meaning fresh) |
| What was used for colour in Medival paintings | Powdered pigments (colours/dyes) mixed with egg yolk to produce egg tempera paint, it dried quickly meaning artists couldn’t use a variety of colours or fix mistakes . |
| What are the main distinctive traits of Medival paintings | Not realistic No depth/two dimensional/no perspective Unproportionate bodies/limbs wrong size/bodies not to scale Faces were same,lifeless expressions Babies e,g baby Jesus depicted with a adult face! |
| What did renaissance artists usually paint, | The subjects for paintings were varied,but they painted Ancient Greek+ Roman mythology Portraits of people,landscapes,everyday life,religious images aswell. |
| What did renaissance artists paint onto | On a canvas (thick woven sheet of flax) or onto fresco (wet plaster on walls) |
| How did renaissance artists make their paint/ what did they use to paint | The colours/pigments was mixed with oil,making it dry more slowly allowing artists to be precise in their work,vary colours,and add shading enhancing realism |
| What technique did renaissance artists use | Sfumato meaning smoney,blurring or smuding lines + colours to soften textures and create smoky effect to make paintings more lifelike. |
| What did renaissance artists use to create depth and distance in a painting | Renaissance artists used perspective to create depth and distance in a painting,by make objects/people appear smaller in background larger in foreground,creating 3D effect. |
| What was the most evident difference between Medival and renaissance painters? | Renaissance painters studied anatomy,helpin* then paint people who looked real,they painted wrinkles,muscles,tendons,folds in clothes,and how light nd shadows fell,using real life people as models,s for work. |
| What is anatomy's | The study of the structure of the human body |
| What did Renaissance artists painting techniques reflect | All of these techniques made art look more realistic during Renaissance,reflecting humanist idea of focusing on real world and people who live in it. |
| Name one painter from the Renaissance | Leonardo da Vinci |
| What do we know about his painting skills? | He was an incredibly skilled painter and a visionary inventor,he is considered rhe ideal ‘Renaissance man’ |
| When was da Vinci born | 1452 in Vinci,near Florence |
| What did he do at 14 years of age | At 14,he became a apprentice to Andrea del Verrocchio in Florence,he found it difficult to get work in Florence,so leonardo went to work for the Duke of Milan in 1482 |
| What did he work as for the Duke of Milan | He worked as a military engineer |
| What else did he do in Milan | While Leonardo da Vinci was in Milan,he painted the virgin of the rocks,and the last supper, |
| When did he return to Florence | He returned to Florence in 1499,where he painted his most famous work the Mona Lisa. |
| What were some of leonardos his interests besides painting | He was also very interested in science and engineering, |
| What did leonardo do to better understand the human body | He dissected corpses to better understand the body(which was illegal at the time) |
| What did leonardo do with his interests in engineering | He filled thousands of pages of notebooks with sketches of ideas for machines e,g submarines and tanks, |
| When and wheee did he die. | Leonardo da Vinci went to live in France in 1516,dying in France in 1519. |
| Describe the Mona Lisa | The Mona Lisa was a portrait of the wife of a wealthy florentine merchant,it took two years to complete,it is held in the Louvre meuseum in Paris. |
| What techniques did the artist used | The artist Leonardo da Vinci used the sgimato technique to make skin appear soft,using tiny brush strokes to blend colours from one area to the next,he left no hard lines, |
| What did he do to focus attention on her smile and eyes | Leonardo used light and shadow to focus attention on her smile and eyes, |
| What does this painting show about the artist? | The detail on her face and body shows his detailed knowledge of the human body. |
| What else did da Vinci use in the Mona Lisa? | He used perspective,as seen in the painting the background behind Mona Lisa is small,while she is seen as bigger because she’s closer to foreground,this creates a 3d effect makes it more realistic. |
| Name another painting da Vinci made | The last supper, |
| What does the last supper show | Shows the moment when Jesus tell the disixippss that one of them will betray him, |
| What technique did da Vinci mainly use in the last supper? | Perspective, |
| How did da Vinci bring attention to who was jesus | He mad everyone point or look at Jesus, |
| What else was the last supper painting itself? | It was a expiremnt as it was painted on the wall of a monastery and instead of on wet plaster he decided to expiriment using oil and tempera directly in dry wall |
| Did his expirement succeed | No,the paint began peeling off the wall,many attempts have been made to preserve it. |
| What are the tell tale signs a sculpture was Medival | Bodies were long and thin,long straight clothing reducing detail on bodies, |
| What were sculptures used for in Medival times | Used to decorate chudches and monuments,attached to the building it free standing |
| What were the tell tale signs a sculpture was renaissance | It was realistic (very) Sculptors worked with stone or bronze commonly to create statues Used real people as models,drew sculpture before creating it |
| Shadow renaissance sculptors do to understand body better | Studied anatomy closely,some even dissected corpses |
| What was a major difference between Medival and Renaissance sculptures | Renaissance sculptures tended to be naked |
| Why were Renaissance sculptures popularly nude, | So the sculptors could show off their skills and it was also copying ancient Greeks who sculpted nudes, |
| Give a example of a Renaissance sculpture | David by michealangelo |
| How did michealangelo first get the idea to sculpt David | In 1501, he won a competition to carve a single huge block of white marble |
| What was the David sculpture inspired by? | the statue of David was from the biblical story of David and Goliath |
| What did the David sculpture represent | It represented the celebration for Florence defeating france in war, |
| How tall was David | 5 metere |
| Describe the scultpure | David is nude,slingshot on his shoulder,detailed body e.g veins ligaments ect, |
| What else does the statue represent | The ideal human body |
| How was the renaissance spreading aided | Artists visiting Italy learning from Italian masters Outside trade with Italy spreading ideas around Europe The invention of the moveable type printing press Northern European rulers and merchants becoming patrons to artists in their own countries s |
| Before the 1400s, was rheee much books in Europe? | No,as all books in Europe had to be copied by hand leading to very few books in circulation,they were precious and also because few people knew to read and write. |
| Who is Johannes Gutenberg | German goldsmith,c. 1440 he invented the moveable type printing press |
| What was the moveabletype printing press | Individual metal letters placed into frame to form words,coated them in ink,and pressed the frame onto paper |
| What was the first book he printed | Gutenberg bible. |
| What was the impact of the printing press | Printed books weee much cheaper then handwritten manuscripts making them more available for people, to buy More People learned to read and write People started to read for entertainment,fiction became popular |
| How did the printing press impact the Catholic Church | The control that the Catholic Church had over learning and ideas declined as it was now possible for people to challenge rhe church and to spread their ideas to a wide audience quickly |
| How did the printing press impact language? | The use of Latin declined as writers wrote in vernacular |
| What was vernacular | The local language |
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