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Nutrition chp 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anabolic reaction | process that builds larger more complex molecules from smaller molecules |
| catabolic reaction | process that breaks down large complex molecules into smaller molecules |
| What vitamins are associated with ATP, ADP, and AMP? | niacin, riboflavin, and pantothenic acid |
| What vitamins are associated with NAD+ and NADH? | niacin |
| What vitamins are associated with FAD and FADH2? | riboflavin |
| oxidation | loss of electrons |
| reduction | gain of electrons |
| What controls redox reactions? | controlled by enzymes and coenzymes that regulate the transfer of electrons during metabolism |
| aerobic pathways | requires oxygen to produce ATP |
| anaerobic pathways | produces ATP without using oxygen |
| What role does the sun have in most known metabolic pathways? | the sun provides energy for photosynthesis, producing glucose that stores chemical energy, which fuels metabolic pathways in plants and animals |
| How is ATP produced from carbohydrates? | through a series of metabolic pathways that break down glucose into energy the body can use |
| What pathways produces carbon dioxide? | CO2 is produced in the transition reaction and in the citric acid cycle |
| glycolysis | first step in glucose metabolism where one glucose molecules is broken down into two pyruvate molecules |
| What is the composition of glucose? | C6H12O2; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
| transition reaction | step that links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle, converting pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA |
| Is the conversion of a transition reaction reversible? | no it is not reversible |
| citric acid cycle | central metabolic pathway in aerobic organisms that generates energy through oxidation of Acetyl-CoA derived from carbs, fat, and proteins |
| What is a major source of ATP production in the transport chain? | oxidative phosphorylation |
| cytochromes | group of heme-containing proteins that play a key role in cellular respiration, particularly in the ETC |
| What is the importance of oxygen in the transport chain? | it is the final electron acceptor |
| oxidative phosphorylation | process by which cells generate ATP using the energy released from electrons transferred through ETC |
| How is lactate formed and why is it important? | formed when pyruvate accepts electrons from NADH; it is important because it supplies temporary energy when not enough oxygen is present |
| fatty acid oxidation | process by which fatty acids are broken down to generate energy |
| Why is carnitine important? | it is crucial for fatty acid oxidation because it acts as a shuttle that transports long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix |
| What is the location in the cell of fatty acid synthesis and breakdown? | synthesis- cytoplasm breakdown- mitochondria |
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