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Musculoskeletal
The musculoskeletal system - CCMA
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Musculoskeletal system consist of ? | Bones, muscles , cartilage , tendons , ligaments ., and joints |
| The Musculoskeletal system Functions ? | Support the body , enables movement , protects internal organs , storage (minerals ) ,Cartilage function ( reduce friction ) |
| Adults how many bones? | 206 |
| Two parts if the skeleton? | Axial and appendicular |
| Axial Part of the skeleton includes ? | skull, spine and rib cage |
| Appendicular part skeleton includes ? | The limbs and the girdles |
| The axial skeleton's primary function? | To protect the central nervous system and vital function |
| How many bones make up the axial skeleton ? | 80 bones |
| Axial skeleton - Skull includes how many bones? | 22 bones |
| Axial skeleton - How many bones are cranial bones? | 8 bones |
| Axial skeleton - How many bones facial bones? | 14 bones |
| The appendicular skeleton consists of how many bones? | 126 bones comprising the arms, legs, shoulder girdle, and pelvic girdle |
| Appendicular Skeleton: Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle. Has how many bones? | (4 bones): Connects upper limbs to the axial skeleton, consisting of the left and right clavicles (collarbones) and scapulae (shoulder blades |
| Appendicular Skeleton: Upper limbs. How many bones? | (60 bones): Includes the humerus (upper arm), radius and ulna (forearm), carpals (wrist), metacarpals (palm), and phalanges (fingers). |
| Appendicular Skeleton: Lower limbs . How many bones? | (60 bones): Includes the femur (thigh), patella (kneecap), tibia and fibula (leg), tarsals (ankle), metatarsals (foot), and phalanges (toes |
| Appendicular Skeleton primary function? | Movement and Locomotion.Manipulation:designed for dexterity, reaching, and handling objects..Weight Bearing: The pelvic girdle and lower limbs support the body's weight.Protection: The shoulder and pelvic girdles protect underlying organs and structures |
| Dense, strong , and makes up the outer layer of bones | Cortical (compact) bone |
| Light weight , porous , contains red marrow for blood cell production and yellow marrow for fat storage | Spongy (Cancellous ) Bone |
| Three main types of Joints ? | Synovial , Fibrous , and Cartilaginous |
| 4 key properties of muscle ? | Excitability , Contractility , extensibility and elasticity |
| Property of Muscle - Excitability Means? | Respond to neural stimuli |
| Property of Muscle - Contractility means ? | Can shorten when stimulated |
| Property of Muscle - Extensibility means? | Can stretch without tearing |
| Property of Muscle - Elasticity means? | Can return to original shape after stretching |
| The muscular system interacts closely with what other 2 systems ? | the skeletal and nervous systems. |
| The Musculoskeletal system consist what type of muscles ? | IT consists of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle |
| The Musculoskeletal system crucial for what? | movement, stability, and the maintenance of posture, as well as vital physiological processes such as breathing and digestion. |
| The Musculoskeletal system Functions ? BONES - ? | Protects organ , support body weight and store calcium and phosphorus |
| The Musculoskeletal system Functions ? MUSCLES ?-? | Assist with movement by contracting and pulling on bones |
| The Musculoskeletal system Functions ?CARTILAGE ? | Connect bones and allow motion |
| The Musculoskeletal system Functions ? Tendons and ligaments ? | Connect muscles to bone and bones to other bones |
| The Musculoskeletal system compose of more than how many muscles ? | more than 600 muscles that contribute to the movement of the human body and function of internal organs. |
| The Musculoskeletal system - Subdivision - Skeletal System | Provides body shape and protects internal organs |
| The Musculoskeletal system - Subdivision - Muscular system | Enables movement and maintains posture and helps circulate blood |
| Axial skeleton - hyoid bone | a small, U-shaped, free-floating bone in the anterior neck at the C3 vertebra level, serving as a critical anchor for tongue, larynx, and pharynx muscles. aids in swallowing , tongue movement and speech |
| Axial skeleton - Spine (Vertebral Column)how many bone? | 26 BONES Cervical (Neck): 7 vertebrae (C1–C7),Thoracic Spine (Mid-back): 12 vertebrae (T1–T12),Lumbar Spine (Lower back): 5 vertebrae (L1–L5), Sacrum ,and Coccyx (Tailbone) |
| Axial skeleton -Thoracic Cage . How many bones | 25. Includes the 1 sternum( Breastbone) and 24 ribs (12 pairs) that protect the heart |
| Long Bones? | Humerus , femur - support and movement |
| Flat bones? | Skull , ribs - protect organ and provide muscle attachment |
| Short bones? | Carpals , tarsals - stability with limited movement |
| Irregular bones ? | Vertebrae, hyoid - varied functions |
| Sesamoid bones? | Patella - reduce friction and protect tendons |
| Bone Layer : Periosteum | Outer |
| Bone layer : Endosteum | Inner |
| Bone Layer : Medullary Cavity | Marrow space |
| Bone Cells: Osteocytes | Maintain Bone tissue |
| Bone Cells: Osteoblasts | Build New bone |
| Bone Cells: Osteoclasts | Break down bone for remodeling |
| Bone Cells: Osteogenic cells | Stem cells that develop into osteoblasts |
| hyaline cartilage | type II collagen, abundant ground substance, and chondrocytes. It appears smooth and glassy, resists compression, and is found in joints, the nose, larynx, trachea, and ribs for smooth movement and support. |
| Hyaline cartilage provides | Structural support, flexibility, and smooth, low-friction joint movement. It absorbs shock at joints, supports the trachea and larynx to keep airways open, forms the embryonic skeleton, and is found in the nose, ribs, and joints. |
| Elastic cartilage | Flexible connective tissue with elastin fibers, type II collagen, and chondrocytes. Found in the external ear, epiglottis, Eustachian tube, and larynx, it allows structures to bend and return to their original shape. |
| Elastic cartilage provides | flexible support and maintains the shape of structures like the outer ear, epiglottis, and Eustachian tubes. Its elastic fibers allow it to bend and return to its original shape. |
| Fibrocartilage | a tough, dense connective tissue made of type I collagen that withstands high compression and tension. Found in intervertebral discs, knee meniscus, and joint labrum, it absorbs shock and stabilizes joints. |
| Fibrocartilage is the strongest type of cartilage, functioning primarily as | tough shock absorber and structural support. It withstands heavy compression, stabilizes joints, connects tendons and ligaments to bone, and provides strength in intervertebral discs. |
| Synovial (articular) cartilage, is | a smooth, specialized hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones within synovial joints. It acts as a low-friction shock absorber, allowing bones to glide over each other. It lacks nerves and blood vessels, relying on synovial fluid for nutrition. |
| Synovial (articular) cartilage primary function | a low-friction surface for smooth joint movement, cushion against impact, and absorb shock, supported by synovial fluid. |
| Synovial (articular) cartilage located ? | ends of bones within freely movable joints (e.g., knee, hip, shoulder). |
| Fibrocartilage key locations? | intervertebral discs (between vertebrae), menisci of the knee, pubic symphysis, the glenoid and acetabular labrum (shoulder/hip sockets), and the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) in the wrist. |
| Elastic Cartilage is located ? | primarily found in the external ear (pinna), the Eustachian (auditory) tube, the epiglottis, and parts of the larynx (corniculate and cuneiform cartilages). |
| Fibrous connective tissue is | Dense connective tissue is a collagen-rich tissue that supports, protects, and binds body structures. It forms tendons, ligaments, the dermis of the skin, and joint capsules, connecting muscles to bones and bones to bones |
| Cartilaginous tissue is | strong, flexible connective tissue with chondrocytes in a collagen-proteoglycan matrix. It absorbs shock, reduces joint friction, supports structures like the ears, nose, and trachea, and heals slowly due to being avascular |
| Cartilaginous tissue in the spine is primarily found in the? | intervertebral discs, which connect vertebrae to provide flexibility, structural support, and shock absorption. The main components are the fibrous ring (annulus fibrosus) and the jelly-like core (nucleus pulposus), cushioned by cartilaginous endplates. |
| Connective tissues : Ligaments | Connect bone to bone |
| Connective tissues : Tendon | Connect muscles to bone |
| Connective tissues : Fascia | Connects muscles to other muscles or skin |
| Muscular System : Skeletal Muscle | Moves bones , Voluntary , striated |
| Muscular System : Cardiac Muscle | Found only in the heart , involuntary , striated |
| Muscular System : Smooth Muscle | Involuntary , non -straited , found in organs and vessel |
| Muscular System 3 muscle group ? | Skeletal , cardiac , and smooth |
| Occurs due to interaction of protein filaments in the muscle fibers | Muscle Contraction |
| Tension increases , but muscle length doesn't change | Muscle contraction : ISOMETRIC |
| Muscles shortens (e.g. lifting a weight ) | Isotonic - CONCENTRIC |
| Muscles lengthens under tension (e.g. lowering weight ) | Isotonic - Eccentrics |
| Key Aspects of Isotonic Contractions: 2 types | Concentric &Eccentric |
| Anatomical movements : FLEXION example (bicep curl), lifting the knee toward the chest (hip flexion), or bending forward at the spine. | Bending a joint (closing the joint) to reduce the angle between bones- decreases the angle between two body parts, effectively bending a joint or limb |
| Anatomical movements: Extension | increases the angle between two bones or body parts at a joint, typically straightening a limb or body part. |
| Anatomical movements :Abduction | moves a limb laterally away from the body’s midline |
| Anatomical movements Adduction | moves a limb laterally brings it toward the midline |
| Anatomical movements: Pronation | Specifically for the forearm; turns the palm posterior (down) |
| Anatomical movements :Supination | Specifically for the forearm; turns palm anterior (up) |
| Anatomical movements : Inversion | Movements of the foot; inversion turns the sole inward |
| Anatomical movements : Dorsiflexion | Movements of the ankle; lifting the toes (dorsiflexion) |
| Anatomical movements : Eversion | Movements of the foot; eversion turns the sole outward |
| Anatomical movements : Rotation -internal (medial) | The anterior (front) surface of a limb rotates toward the midline of the body (e.g., turning the knee inward |
| Anatomical movements : Plantarflexion | Movements of the ankle; pointing toes down (plantarflexion). |
| Anatomical movements : Rotation - External (Lateral) | The anterior (front) surface of a limb rotates away from the midline of the body (e.g., turning the knee outward) |
| two primary types of striated muscle in the human body: | Skeletal Muscles and cardiac muscles |
| Types of Striated Muscle : Skeletal Muscle | are voluntary muscles attached to bones by tendons. They are responsible for movement, posture, and generating body heat. Skeletal muscle fibers are long, cylindrical, and contain multiple nuclei located at the periphery. |
| Types of Striated Muscle : Cardiac Muscle | involuntary muscle is found exclusively in the walls of the heart (the myocardium)cardiac cells are typically shorter, branched, and connected by specialized structures called intercalated discs, which allow for synchronized contraction. |
| Striated muscle is a type of muscle tissue characterized by | striped (striated) appearance when viewed under a microscope. This appearance is caused by the highly organized arrangement of contractile proteins, specifically actin and myosin, into repeating functional units called sarcomeres |
| striated muscles, are under voluntary control. TRUE OR FALSE ? | True |
| skeletal muscles can be consciously controlled. TRUE OR FALSE ? | TRUE |
| Smooth muscle is | a type of involuntary, non-striated muscle found in the walls of hollow organs (stomach and blood vessel) and various passageways throughout the body |
| Smooth muscle appearance | smooth muscle cells appear uniform and "smooth.it lacks a striped appearance because its contractile filaments are not arranged into regular repeating units called sarcomeres. |
| TRUE OR FALSE? Smooth muscles are strictly involuntary, meaning it operates automatically without conscious thought | True |
| TRUE OR FALSE? Smooth muscles help to regulate the flow of blood in arteries, aid in digestion by moving food through the digestive tract, and contribute to various other internal functions. | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE ? cardiac muscle is striated but it operates independently of conscious control. | TRUE |
| This type of muscle is found only in the heart | Cardiac muscle |
| True or false ? The cardiac muscle is involuntary contractions pump blood throughout the body and maintain blood pressure | TRUE |
| Functions of the Muscular System : Movement: | Muscles work in pairs to move limbs and other body parts by contracting and relaxing in response to voluntary messages from the nervous system. |
| Functions of the Muscular System : Stability: | Muscles stabilize joints and help maintain posture by contracting to resist forces that might disturb balance or alignment. |
| Functions of the Muscular System : Heat Production: | Muscle activities produce heat as a by-product, which helps maintain body temperature. |
| Functions of the Muscular System : Control of Body Openings and Passages: | Circular muscles, called sphincters, control the passage of materials through body openings such as the anus and urethra. |
| Functions of the Muscular System : Circulation: | Cardiac muscle contractions pump blood throughout the body, while smooth muscle contractions regulate blood flow and pressure. |
| Functions of the Muscular System : Digestion and Respiration: | Smooth muscles in the digestive tract facilitate the movement of food, while those in the respiratory system control airflow |
| Muscle Structures : Fiber: | Muscle fibers are long, cylindrical cells that make up skeletal muscle. Each fiber contains smaller filaments called myofibrils, which in turn are composed of sarcomeres, the basic unit of muscle contraction |
| Muscle Structures : Fascicles: | Muscle fibers are grouped into bundles known as fascicles, which are surrounded by perimysium, a type of connective tissue. |
| Muscle Structures :Muscle | Each muscle is a collection of fascicles bound together by a covering called epimysium. This grouping extends into tendons, which attach the muscle to the bone. |
| A group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness and degeneration. | Muscular Dystrophy |
| An autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle weakness and fatigue. | Myasthenia Gravis |
| A condition characterized by progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function which typically occurs with aging. | Sarcopenia |
| The skeletal system provides | the central framework for the human body, supporting and protecting internal organs, enabling movement, storing minerals, and producing blood cells |
| The skeletal system It consists of | bones and connective tissue, including cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. |
| Bones are the primary structures of the | skeletal system |
| Found in the limbs, characterized by a long shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphyses). Examples include the femur, humerus, and tibia. | Long bones |
| These BONES are roughly cube-shaped and provide stability and support with little movement. Examples include the carpals (wrist bones) and tarsals (ankle bones). | Short bones |
| These bones are thin, flat, and often curved. They provide protection for internal organs and a surface for muscle attachment. Examples include the skull, ribs, and scapulae. | Flat Bones |
| These bones have complex shapes that do not fit into other categories. Examples include the vertebrae and the pelvic bones. | Irregular Bones |
| These small, round bones are found embedded within tendons. The patella (kneecap) is the most common example. | Sesamoid Bones |
| Joints: | Joints, or articulations, are connections between bones that allow for varying degrees of movement. |
| These are immovable joints where bones are connected by fibrous tissue. Examples include sutures in the skull. | Fibrous Joints |
| These joints allow limited movement and are connected by cartilage. Examples include the intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis. | Cartilaginous Joints |
| These are highly movable joints enclosed by a joint capsule filled with synovial fluid. Examples include the shoulder, hip, knee joints. | Synovial Joints |
| A flexible, semi-rigid connective tissue that reduces friction and absorbs shock at joints. What is this? | Cartilage |
| Most common type, found in the nose, trachea, and at the ends of long bones. What type of cartilage? | Hyaline Cartilage |
| Provides flexibility and is found in the ear and epiglottis. What type of cartilage? | Elastic Cartilage |
| Very tough, found in intervertebral discs and the menisci of the knee. What type of cartilage ? | Fibrocartilage |
| Strong, fibrous bands that connect bones to other bones at joints, providing stability and limiting movement to prevent injury. | Ligaments |
| Fibrous cords that connect muscles to bones, enabling the transfer of force from muscle contractions to produce movement. | Tendons |
| Functions of The Skeletal System : Support | Structural Framework: and Attachment Point |
| Functions of Structural Framework: Protection | Protect Vital organs & Bone marrow (Bones also protect the bone marrow, where blood cell production occurs.) |
| Functions of The Skeletal System : Movement | Leverage: Bones act as levers that muscles pull on to produce movement. and Muscle Attachment |
| Functions of The Skeletal System : Mineral Storage | Calcium and Phosphorus: Bones are a major reservoir for minerals and these are essential for various bodily function.Homeostasis: Bones help maintain mineral balance in the bloodstream by releasing or absorbing minerals as needed, ensuring homeostasis. |
| Functions of The Skeletal System : Blood Cell Production ( Hematopoiesis ) | Red Bone Marrow and Immune Function |
| Red Bone Marrow: | Located in the cavities of certain bones (such as the pelvis, ribs, and sternum), red bone marrow is responsible for producing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets |
| Bones are a fundamental part of the human skeletal system, providing | structural support, protection for internal organs, and aiding in mobility along with muscles and joints. Bones also serve critical roles in mineral storage and blood cell production. |
| Bone marrow is a vital component of the skeletal system, located within the cavities of bones. It plays a crucial role | in hematopoiesis (the production of blood cells) and the immune system. |
| Bone repair involves several stages: Hematoma Formation | Blood vessels break, and a blood clot (hematoma) forms at the fracture site. |
| Bone repair involves several stages: Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation: | A soft callus made of collagen and cartilage forms, bridging the broken bone ends. |
| Bone repair involves several stages: Bony Callus Formation | Osteoblasts produce new bone, converting the soft callus into a hard bony callus. |
| Bone repair involves several stages: Bone Remodeling: | The bony callus is remodeled over time, restoring the bone's original shape and structure. |
| Musculoskeletal complaints are common in primary care visits. Symptoms often arise from | trauma or overuse of muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, or joints. |
| Musculoskeletal complaints Other causes include | autoimmune diseases, vitamin deficiencies, infections, metabolic disorders, and medications. |
| Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by | the breakdown of cartilage and changes in the underlying bone |
| the most common form of arthritis and a leading cause of disability among older adults. | Osteoarthritis (OA) |
| The risk of OA increases with (BLANK) as cartilage naturally wears down over time. | Aging |
| A family history of OA can increase susceptibility due to inherited traits that affect cartilage structure and function. This is an example of ? | Genetics |
| Previous (BLANK), such as fractures or ligament tears, can predispose a joint to develop OA. | Joint Injury |
| Cause and Risk of Osteoarthritis (OA)- This is example of ? Excess body weight increases stress on weight-bearing joints, such as the knees and hips, accelerating cartilage wear. | Obesity |
| Cause and Risk of Osteoarthritis (OA)- This is example of ?Repetitive stress from occupational or recreational activities can lead to joint degeneration. | Joint Overuse: |
| Cause and Risk of Osteoarthritis (OA)- Which gender is more likely to develop it? | Women are more likely to develop OA, particularly after menopause, possibly due to hormonal changes. |
| Osteoporosis is a prevalent condition characterized by | decreased bone density and increased fracture risk. |
| Causes and Risk Factors of Osteoporosis -This an example of ? bone remodeling becomes less efficient, leading to a gradual loss of bone mass. | Aging |
| Causes and Risk Factors of Osteoporosis -This an example of ? Decreased levels of estrogen in women post-menopause and testosterone in men can accelerate bone loss | Hormonal Changes |
| Causes and Risk Factors of Osteoporosis -This an example of ? Inadequate intake of calcium and vitamin D impairs bone health. These nutrients are crucial for bone formation and maintenance. | Nutritional Deficiencies |
| Causes and Risk Factors of Osteoporosis -This an example of? Lack of physical activity, particularly weight-bearing and resistance exercises, can lead to weaker bones | Sedentary Lifestyle |
| Causes and Risk Factors of Osteoporosis -This an example of? A family history of osteoporosis increases the risk of developing the condition. | Genetics |
| Causes and Risk Factors of Osteoporosis -This an example of? Long-term use of corticosteroids and other medications can affect bone density. | Medications: |
| Causes and Risk Factors of Osteoporosis -This an example of? Diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, hyperthyroidism, and gastrointestinal disorders can contribute to bone loss. | Other Medical Conditions |
| Causes and Risk Factors of Osteoporosis -This an example of? Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and poor diet can negatively impact bone health. | Lifestyle Factors |
| Diagnosis of Osteoporosis involves what testing and assessment ? | bone density testing and risk assessment, while treatment focuses on medications, nutrition, exercise, and lifestyle modifications. |
| The moveable end of the muscle that attaches to the bone being pulled is called the muscle’s? | Insertion |
| The end of the muscle attached to a faces (stabilized ) bone is called the? | Origin |
| the primary muscle responsible for producing a specific joint action or movement is the? | A prime mover, or agonist |
| supporting muscles that enhance movement efficiency are called the? | Synergists and fixators |
| Synergists | assist the prime mover (agonist) in performing an action, providing extra force or reducing unnecessary movements. |
| Fixators | are specialized synergists that stabilize the origin of the agonist or joint, providing a stable base for action |
| Antagonists play two important roles in muscle function: | (1) they maintain body or limb position, such as holding the arm out or standing erect; and (2) they control rapid movement, as in shadow boxing without landing a punch or the ability to check the motion of a limb. |
| Circular: | Fascicles are arranged in concentric rings (e.g., orbicularis oculi around the eyes). They typically function as sphincters to close openings. |
| Convergent: | A broad origin tapers into a single tendon (e.g., pectoralis major). This allows for a triangular or fan-shaped muscle that can pull in multiple directions. |
| Pennate: | These look like feathers, where fibers attach obliquely to a central tendon. They come in three subtypes |
| Pennate: SUBTYPE -> Unipennate | Fibers insert into only one side of the tendon |
| Pennate: SUBTYPE -> Bipennate | Fibers insert into the tendon from opposite sides (like a common feather). |
| Pennate: SUBTYPE -> Multipennate: | Many "feathers" side-by-side, all inserting into one large tendon (e.g., the deltoid). |
| Parallel/Fusiform | Fibers run parallel to the long axis of the muscle. These provide the greatest range of motion but less overall power than pennate muscles |
| Muscle by shape: Deltoid: | Triangular, like the Greek letter delta |
| Muscle by shape: Trapezius | Shaped like a trapezoid. |
| Muscle by shape: Rhomboid: | Shaped like a rhombus. |
| Muscle by shape: Orbicularis | Circular (e.g., orbicularis oris around the mouth) |
| Muscle by shape: Serratus | Saw-toothed or serrated (e.g., serratus anterior) |
| Muscle by shape: Teres | Round or cylindrical (e.g., teres major) |
| Muscle Naming by Length (and Size) : Longus | Long (e.g., adductor longus). |
| Muscle Naming by Length (and Size) : Brevis | Short (e.g., adductor brevis) |
| Muscle Naming by Length (and Size) : Longissimus | The longest (e.g., longissimus dorsi). |
| Muscle Naming by Length (and Size) : Maximus / Minimus | Largest and smallest (e.g., gluteus maximus and minimus). |
| Muscle Naming by Length (and Size) : Major / Minor | Larger and smaller (e.g., pectoralis major and minor). |
| Muscle Naming by Position : Lateralis vs. Medialis: | Toward the outside (lateralis) or toward the midline (medialis). |
| Muscle Naming by Position : Anterior vs. Posterior: | Toward the front (anterior) or toward the back (posterior). |
| Muscle Naming by Position : Superficialis vs. Profundus: | Near the surface (superficialis) or deep within the body (profundus) |
| Muscle Naming by Position : Supra vs. Infra: | Above (supra) or below (infra) a specific structure (e.g., supraspinatus above the spine of the scapula) |
| Direction of the muscle fibers/ fascicles : Rectus: Means "straight." | The fibers run parallel to the midline (e.g., rectus abdominis). |
| Direction of the muscle fibers/ fascicles : Transverse: | The fibers run perpendicular (at a right angle) to the midline (e.g., transversus abdominis). |
| Direction of the muscle fibers/ fascicles : Oblique | The fibers run at an angle or diagonally to the midline (e.g., external oblique). |
| Which of the following is unique to the muscles of facial expression? They all originate from the scalp musculature. They insert onto the cartilage found around the face. They only insert onto the facial bones. They insert into the skin. | They insert into the skin |
| Which of the following helps an agonist work? a synergist a fixator an insertion an antagonist | A synergist |
| Which of the following statements is correct about what happens during flexion? The angle between bones is increased. The angle between bones is decreased. The bone moves away from the body. The bone moves toward the center of the body. | The angel between the bone is decreased |
| Which is moved the least during muscle contraction? the origin the insertion the ligaments the joints | The origin |
| Which muscle has a convergent pattern of fascicles? biceps brachii gluteus maximus pectoralis major rectus femoris | Pectorals major |
| A muscle that has a pattern of fascicles running along the long axis of the muscle has which of the following fascicle arrangements? circular pennate parallel rectus | Parallel |
| describes a bipennate muscle? | The muscle fibers feed in on an angle to a long tendon from both sides. |
| The location of a muscle’s insertion and origin can determine ________. | Action |
| Where is the temporalis muscle located? | On the side of the head |
| Which muscle name does not make sense? extensor digitorum gluteus minimus biceps femoris extensor minimus longus | extensor minimus longus |
| Which of the following terms would be used in the name of a muscle that moves the leg away from the body? flexor adductor extensor abductor | Abductor |
| Which of the following is a prime mover in head flexion? occipitofrontalis corrugator supercilii sternocleidomastoid masseter | sternocleidomastoid |
| Where is the inferior oblique muscle located? | In the eye socket |
| What is the action of the masseter? | Chewing |
| The names of the extrinsic tongue muscles commonly end in ________. | -glossus |
| What is the function of the erector spinae? | Postural Support |
| Which of the abdominal muscles is not a part of the anterior abdominal wall? | Quadratus lumborum |
| Which muscle pair plays a role in respiration? | diaphragm, scalene |
| What is the linea alba? | a long tendon that runs down the middle of the rectus abdominis |
| The rhomboid major and minor muscles are deep to the ________. | Trapezius |
| Which muscle extends the forearm? | Triceps brachii |
| What is the origin of the wrist flexors? | the medial epicondyle of the humerus |
| Which muscles stabilize the pectoral girdle? | Axial and scapular |
| The large muscle group that attaches the leg to the pelvic girdle and produces extension of the hip joint is the ________ group. | Gluteal |
| Which muscle produces movement that allows you to cross your legs? | The Sartorius |
| What is the largest muscle in the lower leg? | Gastrocnemius |
| The vastus intermedius muscle is deep to which of the following muscles? | Rectus femoris |
| Movements of the body occur at joints. Describe how muscles are arranged around the joints of the body. | Muscles are typically arranged around joints in antagonistic pairs. Because muscle fibers can only exert force by contracting (pulling), they cannot push a joint back to its original position |
| Explain the difference between axial and appendicular muscles. | Axial muscles attach to the central skeleton, while appendicular muscles attach to the pectoral and pelvic girdles |
| Describe the muscles of the anterior neck. | a complex group involved in head movement, swallowing, and speech, divided into superficial, suprahyoid, and infrahyoid layers. |
| Why are the muscles of the face different from typical skeletal muscle? | Facial muscles differ from typical skeletal muscles primarily because they attach directly to the skin or soft tissues rather than connecting bone to bone. |
| Describe the fascicle arrangement in the muscles of the abdominal wall. How do they relate to each other? | The abdominal wall uses a multilayered, "plywood" arrangement of fascicles to provide multi-directional strength and support for the internal organs. |
| What are some similarities and differences between the diaphragm and the pelvic diaphragm? | S- structure, direction movement, pressure regulation D-Respiratory: Powers breathing by changing thoracic volume.Pelvic: Provides support for pelvic organs (bladder, rectum) and maintains continence |
| The tendons of which muscles form the rotator cuff? Why is the rotator cuff important? | The rotator cuff, formed by the tendons of four muscles—supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis—attaches the scapula to the humerus. It stabilizes the shoulder, allows rotation, lifting, and broad arm movements, while preventing joint |
| List the general muscle groups of the shoulders and upper limbs as well as their subgroups. | The shoulder and upper limb muscles include: shoulder (deltoid, rotator cuff), arm—anterior (biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis), posterior (triceps brachii), forearm—anterior (flexors), posterior (extensors), hand (intrinsics: thenar, hypothena |
| Which muscles form the hamstrings? How do they function together? | biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus—run along the posterior thigh. They flex the knee, extend the hip, and stabilize the pelvis, working together for smooth leg movements, posture, running, walking, and jumping. |
| Which muscles form the quadriceps? How do they function together? | rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius—are on the anterior thigh. They extend the knee for walking, running, jumping, and standing, with rectus femoris also flexing the hip, working together to coordinate leg movements. |
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