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Sci Psych Midterm 2
Science of Psychology Midterm 2 Stack
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Encoding | Process of transforming what we perceive, think or, feel into an enduring memory |
| Storage | Process of maintaining information in memory over time |
| Retrieval | Process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored |
| Visual Imagery Encoding | Process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures |
| Semantic Encoding | Process of relaying new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory |
| Semantic Judgements | Think about the meaning of the word |
| Rhyme Judgements | Sound of the word |
| Case Judgements | Appearance of the words (Ex. Is HAT written in uppercase or lowercase?) |
| Organizational Encoding | Process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items |
| Mnemonic | Encoding strategies that improve subsequent retrieval of information |
| Sensory memory | Unattended information is lost Type of Storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less |
| Echoic Memory (AUDITORY) | Fast-decaying store of auditory information |
| Iconic memory (VISUAL) | Fast-decaying store of visual information |
| Visuospatial Sketchpad | Visual information |
| Central executive | Coordinates subsystems and the episodic buffer |
| Phonological loop | Verbal Information |
| Episodic buffer | Integrates visual and verbal information |
| Retrograde Amnesia | Loss of memories from our past |
| Anterograde Amnesia | New information |
| Karl Lashley | Memory is distributed across the whole brain→ Rat Maze Experiement |
| Long-Term Potentiation | Process whereby repeated communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection making further communication safer |
| Retrieval | Process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored |
| Free Cue | Nothing to go off of, anything comes to mind |
| Cued Recall | Ex. having a word bank, something to go off of |
| Retrieval Cue | External information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind |
| The idea that a retrieval cue can be an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way the information was encoded initially | Encoding Specificity Principle |
| State-Dependant Retrieval | State-Dependant Retrieval Process whereby information tends to be better recalled when the person is in the same state from encoding to retrieval |
| Transfer-Appropriate Processing | The idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval context of the situations match Memory is best when the type of processing during learning matches the type needed at retrieval |
| Priming | Identifying a stimulus from prior exposure |
| Semantic | Facts, knowledge, concepts |
| Retroactive | Later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier |
| Proactive | Situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later (Ex. password, 2026→2025) |
| Prospective Memory | Remembering to do something in the future |
| Blocking | Failure to retrieve information is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it |
| Mirror Neurons | Neurons in the frontal and parietal lobes that become activated by specific motions when an animal both performs and observes that action |
| Enculturation Hypothesis | Being raised in a human culture has a profound effect on the cognitive abilities of animals Humans create specific behaviors in our environment that are not found in the natural world, behaviors that animals can adapt |
| Reinforcer | Enforces the likelihood of the behavior |
| Positive Reinforcement | Adding something (Ex. Giving money) |
| Negative Reinforcement | Removing something (Ex. Removing the seatbelt alarm once you put on your seatbelt, thereby removing reinforcement) |
| Positive Punishment | Adding something to decrease behavior (Ex. Giving your kid timeout) |
| Negative Punishment | Removing something to decrease behavior (Ex. Taking away a toy) |
| Phonemes: | Smallest unit of speech that distinguish one word from another (ex. Sh-ee-p, three phonemes) |
| Phonological Rules | Indicates how phonemes can be combined to form words |
| Morpheme | Smallest meaningful unit of language |
| Morphological Rules | Indicates how morphemes can be combined to form words |
| Syntax: | Grammatical rules that govern how words are composed into meaningful strings Ignored in slang, useful in conveying meaning (ex. Dog→Dogs, Run→ Running) |
Created by:
Yzou