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PSYC Ch.10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| stress | The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging. |
| approach and avoidance motives | The drive to move toward (approach) or away from (avoid) a stimulus. |
| chronic stress | Stress that is ongoing, often for a long period of time, such as consistent daily work or school pressures, financial stability, or long-term illness. |
| fight-or-flight response | An emergency response, including activation of the sympathetic nervous system, that mobilizes energy and activity for attacking or escaping a threat. |
| general adaptation syndrome (GAS) | Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages—alarm, resistance, exhaustion. |
| tend-and-befriend response | Under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend). |
| psycho-neuroimmunology | The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes combine to affect our immune system and health. |
| coronary heart disease | The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; a leading cause of death in many countries. |
| Type A | Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people. |
| Type B | Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people. |
| coping | Reducing stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods. |
| resilience | The personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma. |
| problem-focused coping | Attempting to reduce stress by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor. |
| emotion-focused coping | Attempting to reduce stress by attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction. |
| personal control | Our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless. |
| learned helplessness | The hopelessness and passive resignation humans and other animals learn when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. |
| external locus of control | The perception that outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate. |
| internal locus of control | The perception that we control our own fate. |
| self-control | The ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards. |
| optimism | The anticipation of positive outcomes. Optimists are people who expect the best and expect their efforts to lead to good things. |
| pessimism | The anticipation of negative outcomes. Pessimists are people who expect the worst and doubt that their goals will be achieved. |
| emotion regulation | How we manage our emotions, including which emotions we allow ourselves to feel, when we feel them, and how we express those emotions. |
| aerobic exercise | Sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; also helps reduce depression and anxiety. |
| mindfulness meditation | A reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner. |
| happiness | An enduring prevalence of positive emotions, less frequent negative emotions, and overall satisfaction with life. |
| feel-good, do-good phenomenon | Our tendency to be helpful when in a good mood. |
| subjective well-being | Self-perceived satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to judge our quality of life. |
| adaptation-level phenomenon | Our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our past experiences. |
| relative deprivation | The perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves. |