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ansc 224
exam 2 lec 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Amniotes | mammal, birds, - Adapted for life on land - Retains water (water tight skin and egg) - embryo produces amnionic membrane - Shell types: None (dog), hard (chicken), soft (platypus) |
| Eutheria | Placental rodents, carnivores, primates |
| Metatheria | no placenta marsupials (oppossum, kangaroo) |
| Prototheria | egg laying mammals monotremes - platypus |
| Viviparaous | live birth = mammals eggs fertilized inside embryos hatch inside females gestate (develop young in uterus) placental (eutherian) and non-placental (metatherian) |
| Oviparous | egg layers eggs fertilized internally fertilized eggs laid and hatched in external environment no placenta or gestation exceptions: egg laying mammals (platypus and spiny ant eater) |
| Induced breeders | cats, rabbits, cammels do not ovulate until male mounts and thrusts |
| seasonal breeder | long or shot day |
| methods to diagnose female repro status | reproductive behaviors (observations and records) ultrasounds palpation surgical laparoscopy post mortem reproductive tract assessment hormone assay of milk, feces, urine, saliva, blood |
| broad ligament | reproductive tract support in the abdominal cavity continuous with peritoneum of abdominal cavity contains tough connective tissue to support tract has blood vessels/nerves |
| mesometrium | portion of the broad ligament that supports the uterus laterally |
| mesosalpinx | upper portion of broad ligament that supports oviduct |
| mesovarium (hilus) | part of broad ligament that supports ovary |
| blood supply to reproductive tract | ovarian artery has a direct branch off abdominal aorta aorta splits into common iliac artery - internal iliac branches ---- uterine artery branch ---- vaginal artery branch |
| blood supply is unique | increases in volume at times during the cycle and in pregnancy responds to hormones reproductive tissues can swell with increased flow (vasodilation) and from fluid retention (vasocontriction) |
| blood supply is unquie pt 2 | close arrangement (coiling) of the uterine vein (drain) around the ovarian artery (supply) allows counter current hormone transfer across vessels (PGF2) |
| perineum | skin btw vulva and anus can tear palpation, AI, birth, constipation, stress |
| vulva | labia (left and right) external opening to the repro tract serves to protect sensitive mucus membranes swells in response to hormes |
| serosa | outer single layer of flat cells |
| muscle layers (muscularis) | inner circular and outer longitudinal well developed in oviduct and uterus bc provides lots of control |
| Submucosa | changes thickness and secretions by stage of cycle vessels, nerves, interstitial connective tissue produces hormone, nutrients, fluids |
| mucosa | single layer of columnar epithelial cells lining tubes produces hormones, nutrients, fluids -- oviduct: columnar epithelium and mix of ciliated -- vagina: stratified squamous |
| Vagina & Vestibule Functions | Birth canal, urine passage, copulatory organ site for semen deposition in many species mucosa: thickens at estrus to protect; immunoglobulins (IgA and G); low pH; secretions have odors associated w estrus |
| vestibule | caudal section of vagina from external urethral opening to labia common passageway for urine and reproduction |
| vagina | from cervix to urethral opening (bladder) some mucus cell near cervix |
| clitoris | on ventral surface, erectile tissue |
| cervix pt1 | neck of the uterus: thick walled canal cervical Os (opening) lumen is a passageway can be smooth, folded, or with rings has 4 cell layers mucus-- major source for the vagina |
| cervix pt2 | serves as a barrier for uterus: limits entry of bacteria passageway for sperm contains fetus thru pregnancy can change shape and dilate at estrus and birth can be rigid and closed during pregnancy can serve as a sperm reservior |
| Uterus pt1 | 4 cell layers uterine horns: sections separated by septum uterine body: common section function: sperm transport and capacitation (modify) site of embryo and fetal attachment/placenta luteal regression birth process |
| Uterus pt 2 | two inner layer linked (endometrium): - interact with sperm, embryo - mucosa -- single layer of luminal |
| uterus pt3 | epithelium - sub mucusa -- glands, vessels, nerves - smooth, folds or caruncles (ruminants) --- caruncles raised elevations for attachment and blood supply but without glands |
| uterus pt 4 | Myometrium: - this tissue layer has two distinct cell layers (inner and outer muscle) - functions in tone and contractions under neutral and endocrine control |
| uterine cell layers | sub mucosa changes in blood flow and thickness during cycle |
| uterine smooth muscle layers | outer longitudinal inner circular muscle function -- movement of sperm, embryo, fetus |
| bicornuate uterus | swine, cattle, sheep, horses, cats, dogs 2 horns + 1 body, 1 cervix, 1 vagina |
| simplex uterus | humans, primates no formed horns, 1 large body, 1 cervix, 1 vagina |
| duplex uterus | rabbits - 2 horns (no body), 2 cervices, 1 vagina - 2 horns (no body), 2 cervices, 2 vaginas and urogenital sinus - 2 horns (no body), no cervix and cloaca (no vagina) |
| oviduct | functions: 1. site of fertilization 2. sperm reservoir 3. transports sperm and eggs 4. early embryo development ovary/oviduct proximity position by mesosalpinx - may form bursa - blood vessels-nerves |
| tissue structure along oviduct | infundibulum: funnel shape (w fimbria in lumen to catch ova) ampulla: site of fertilization (1/2 of duct) isthmus: thick walled and sperm reservoir uterotubal junction: (restriction to entry) kinks in ruminants and constricts in others |
| ovary | most species paired and functional - random ovulation - birds: only left side functional produces eggs and hormones |
| ovary pt2 | ovary tissue layers 1. germinal epithelium -- single outer layer 2. tunica albuginea -- tough connective tissue layer 3. cortex - outer area = follicles 4. medulla -- connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves, opposite of testes |
| development of a follicle | most grow microscopically below tunica primordial-- 1 flat layer of cells / small oocyte primary-- 1 expanded layer + small oocyte |
| development of a follicle pt 2 | secondary-- 2 layers/no antrum/larger oocyte tertiary/antral/graafian -- 3 or more layers + antrum -- larger oocyte -- depend upon hormones to growl |
| if follicles ovulate they will form | corpus hemorrhagicum (CH)- only there for a day or 2 corpus luteum (CL) - makes progesterone corpus albicans (CA) - scar tissue |
| degree/location of mullerian duct fusion during development determines uterine structure | fusion high = simplex fusion moderate = bicornuate fusion low = duplex |
Created by:
j_kasprzak