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Nutrition chp 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How much energy does alcohol provide? | 7 kcal/g |
| proof | measure of the alcohol content of a beverage, 2x the % of alcohol by volume |
| standard drink | measure to quantify alcohol consumption across different beverages |
| % of alcohol in different sources and their serving size | beer- 5% ABV, standard drink is 12 oz wine- 12% ABV, standard drink is 5 oz liquor- 40% ABV, standard drink is 1.5 oz |
| legal and illegal level of blood alcohol | legal- 0.08% illegal- anything greater than 0.08% |
| How does fermentation produce alcohol? | yeast or bacteria converts sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide under aenerobic conditions |
| Where in the GI tract is alcohol absorbed? By which mechanism? | primarily absorbed in the small intestine by passive diffusion across cell membranes |
| What is produced during the ADH pathway? | acetaldehyde - acetate - acetyl CaO; acetaldehyde is toxic and contribute to hangover symptoms |
| What is produced during the MEOS pathway? | MEOS is activated when too much alcohol is consumed and the ADH cannot keep up; the MEOS makes the tolerance level of a person higher, taking more alcohol to feel the effects |
| Why do women absorb more ethanol than men? | women have less ADH in the stomach meaning less ethanol is metabolized and enters the bloodstream, women have less water, and estrogen affect alcohol metabolism |
| Define acetaldehyde buildup and symptoms | buildup occurs when acetaldehyde accumulates faster than it can be converted to acetate; symptoms include flushing of the face and neck, vomiting, rapid heartbeat, headache, sweating, dizziness |
| Define typical rate of alcohol metabolism | 7-10 grams of alcohol per hours, roughly 1 standard drink per hour |
| What are some sign and symptoms of alcohol poisoning? | confusion, vomiting, seizures, irregular breathing, hypothermia, hypoglycemia, unconsciousness, slow heart rate |
| Which population group is associated with highest rate of consumption? | young adult men ages 21-34 |
| What are some consequences with college campus binge drinking? | health, academic, legal, and social consequences |
| What benefits are associated with moderate drinking? | may increase HDL, reduce the risk of coronary heart disease, prevent blood clots, improve social bonding, increase life span |
| binge drinking | consuming a large amount of alcohol in a short period of time |
| risks of binge drinking | alcohol poisoning, injuries and accidents, risky sexual behavior, legal issues, poor academic performance, liver and brain damage |
| Define cirrhosis of liver and list signs and symptoms | chronic liver damage that causes scarring and impaired liver function; symptoms include fatigue, loss of appetite, jaundice, edema, and itchy skin |
| Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome | neurological disorder caused by thiamine deficiency, most commonly associated with chronic alcohol abuse |
| night blindness | inability or difficulty to see in low-light or darkness caused by a deficiency in vitamin A, which can be caused by alcohol abuse |
| What vitamin/mineral deficiencies are caused by alcohol abuse? | B-vitamins (B1, B6, B9, B12), fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K), and minerals (Mg, Zn, K, phosphate) |
| What are alcohol consumption recommendations for pregnancy? | no alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy |
| How prevalent is alcohol abuse or dependency in average Americans during a lifetime? | about 30% of adults will meet the criteria for alcohol use disorder at some point in their lives |
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