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A&P Lecture 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Respiration is critical for homeostasis and consists of two broad categories | breathing and gas exchange |
| Breathing | is the physical movement of air into and out of lungs |
| Gas exchange | is the diffusion of gasses across membranes |
| Pulmonary gas exchange takes place in | the lugs |
| Tissue gas exchange is the movement of | gasses at (systemic) capillaries |
| Breathing, also called pulmonary ventilation takes place across | the upper and lower respiratory tract |
| The upper and lower respiratory tracts can be further subdivided between | structures used strictly for pulmonary ventilation and structures used for gas exchange |
| Conducting zone encompasses the structures from | the NOSE to the SMALLEST AIR TUBES within the lungs and is strictly for pulmonary ventilation |
| Gas exchange zone is within the | ALVEOLI, specialized small air spaces housed within the lungs. *****This area is also called the respiratory zone |
| 5 Functions of the respiratory system | 1. Regulation of blood pH 2. Production of chemical signals 3. Voice production 4. Olfaction 5. Protection |
| How many structures function to the acquire oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood? | SEVEN |
| Upper respiratory structures (1-4) | 1. Nose 2. Nasal cavity 3. Pharynx 4.Larynx |
| Lower respiratory structures (5-7) | 5. Trachea 6. Bronchi (and bronchioles) 7. Lungs (has alveoli and capillaries) |
| The pharynx, or throat, is the common opening of both the (2) | digestive and respiratory systems |
| What are the 3 regions of the pharynx? | 1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx |
| Nasopharynx | the most superior portion of the pharynx. Here are the pharyngeal tonsils which helps defend against infection and a mucous membrane that traps debris |
| Oropharynx | the middle portion of the pharynx that is continuous with the oral cavity. Both air and food pass through here and there are 2 groups of tonsils present (palatine and lingual tonsils) |
| Laryngopharynx | the posterior section of the pharynx that extends towards the esophagus. Here food and water pass into the digesting system along with a small amount of air |
| The larynx is commonly known as | the voice box |
| The larynx is located in ________ of the laryngopharynx and extends towards the _______ to the______. The larynx is held in place by _______ and ________ superior to the hyoid bone | the anterior part base of the tongue trachea membranes and muscles |
| The rigid walls of the larynx maintain an open passageway between the _______ and the _______. | pharynx and the trachea |
| Its (larynx) rigidity is due to | an outer casing of 9 cartilages connected to one another by muscles and ligaments |
| Whats the largest of the cartilages? | THYROID CARTILAGE It is a single shield shape piece of cartilage, aka adams apple!! |
| The larynx, with its cartilage and the vestibule and vocal folds performs 4 main functions: | 1. Maintains an open passageway for air movement 2. Prevents swallowed materials from entering larynx and lower respiratory tract 3. Produces sound and speech 4. Protects the lower respiratory tract from foreign materials |
| The trachea is commonly known as the | WINDPIPE |
| The trachea is | a membranous tube attached to the larynx that allows air to flow into the lungs. It is reinforced with 15-20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage called tracheal rings |
| A tracheotomy is | a surgical procedure in which an incision is made in front of the neck and a breathing tube is placed into the trachea |
| When is a tracheotomy used? | It used when there is a blockage of an airway, paralysis, throat cancer, or in emergency situations following a traumatic injury or severe allergic reaction |
| The lower respiratory tract consists of the | trachea, and lung structures: the bronchi, the bronchioles, and the alveoli |
| Right lung vs Left lung | RIGHT LUNG - Consists of 3 lobes - Heavier - Shorter and wider - Provides space for the liver LEFT LUNG - Consists of 2 lobes - Lighter - Longer and narrower - Provides space for the heart |
| The trachea divides to form two smaller tubes called | main bronchi, or primary bronchi, each of which extends to a lung |
| The tracheobronchial tree consists of the | trachea and a network of air tubes in the lungs |
| Largest to smallest trachea division | Trachea-> L+R Bronchus->Bronchi-> Microscopic tubes and sacs called alveoli |
| The 4 classes of air passageways are listed below from largest to smallet | 1.Lobar bronchi (secondary bronchi) 2.Segmental bronchi (tertiary bronchi) 3. Bronchioles 4. Terminal bronchioles |
| Lobar bronchi (secondary bronchi) | arise directly from main bronchi. Contains smooth muscle and cartilage plates |
| Segmental bronchi (tertiary bronchi): | as bronchi become smaller, the cartilage becomes sparse, and smooth muscle becomes more abundant |
| Bronchioles | less than 1mm in diameter with less cartilage and more smooth muscle |
| Terminal bronchioles | no cartilage in walls and only a smooth muscles layer surrounding epithelium |
| From the terminal bronchioles to the alveoli, there are further cycles of | branching of the airways into the ALVEOLAR SACS |
| Alveolar sacs | Chambers connected to two or more alveoli at the end of an alveolar duct |
| Alveoli are | small, air-filled chambers where air and blood come into close contact with each other |
| Specialized cells, Type 2 pneumocytes, produce _____ which ________________________ | surfactant, which makes it easier for the alveoli to expand during inspiration ****This prevents the alveoli from sticking and collapsing**** |
| The muscles of ventilation change the | volume of the thoracic cavity which allows air to flow into and out of the lungs |
| There are several muscles of________ that act to_______ the volume of the thoracic cavity | inspiration increase |
| What are the muscles of inspiration? 4 | 1. Diaphragm 2. External intercostals 3. Pectoralis minor 4. Scalene muscles (deep muscles that connect to first rib and cervical vertebra) |
| The muscles of_______ are muscles that________ thoracic volume by depressing the ribs and sternum | expiration decrease |
| What are the muscles of expiration? 3 | 1. Internal intercostals 2. Transverse thoracics 3. Abdominal muscles |
| as the volume of a container______, the pressure________. | increases decreases |
| During _______, air flows ________ the lungs down its pressure gradient | inspiration into |
| During________, air flows_____ of the lungs down its pressure gradient | expiration out |
| Negative pressure allow lungs to | Inflate effectively! Your lungs are located in the pleural cavity which is at negative pressure, which further helps to allow lungs to expand (inflate) with air upon inspiration |
| Loss of negative pressure results in | a collapsed lung (pneumothorax) |
| A pneumothorax occurs when | air leaks into the space in between your lungs and chest wall. This air pushes on the outside of your lung and makes it collapse. A pneumothorax can be a complete lung collapse of a collapse of only a portion of the lung |
| A chest tube is | a surgical drain that is inserted through the chest wall and into the pleural space or the mediastinum in order to remove clinically undesired substances such as air, excess fluid, blood, chyle or pus from the intrathoracic space |
| Changes in pressure allow | movement of air into alveoli |
| 1. At end of expiration, alveolar pressure = | atmospheric pressure (no air movement) |
| 2. During inspiration | thoracic volume increases resulting in increased alveolar volume and negative alveolar pressure (air moves into lung) |
| 3. At end of inspiration | alveolar pressure equals atmospheric pressure (no air movement) |
| 4. During expiration | decreased thoracic volume and increased alveolar pressure caused by diaphragm relaxation (air leaves lungs) |
| Partial pressure | In a mixture of gases, each constituent gas has a partial pressure when added together equals the pressure exerted by the mixture |
| Atmospheric pressure is due to | a mixture of gases, each of which is present in a different amount. |
| The term pressure is used to express | the amount of each gas in a mixture, which is comparable to using the term concentration for the solutes. |
| According to Dalton’s law..... | The total pressure of a gas is the sum of the individual pressure of each gas |
| Gas exchange | partial pressure gradients of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries and between the tissues and the tissue capillaries are responsible for GAS EXCHANGE |
| Partial pressure is like | concentration!! |
| Molecules diffuse from | high to low concentration |
| Gasses diffuse from | high to low partial pressure |
Created by:
liladdoyle