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BIO 118 - 14-16
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Vitamin K produces | clotting factors |
| What is a functional syncytium | something that works as 1 giant unit |
| What causes a heart murmur | the heart valves not closing correctly |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor does what | angiogenesis grows blood vessels |
| What is the pathway in the heart for electricity | SA node --> internodal pathways --> AV nodes --> bundle of HIS --> bundle branches --> Purkinje fibers |
| What is an aneurysm | a widening of a blood vessel |
| What does a P wave on an EKG or ECG mean | the atria is depolarizing |
| What does a QRS on an EKG or ECG mean | the ventricles are depolarizing |
| What does a T wave on an EKG or ECG mean | the ventricles are repolarizing |
| What is an ectopic impose or pacemaker | When something outside of the SA node creates a heart beat |
| What is a pacemaker | a device that is implanted into the heart and tells it to beat |
| What is hematocrite | the percentage of your blood that is made up of red blood cells |
| What is viscosity | the thickness of a liquid, in blood more red blood cells ==> thicker |
| Anemia | a lack of red blood cells ==> lower blood viscosity and blood pressure |
| Angiogenesis | making new blood vessels |
| Why do you want to prevent angiogenesis | cancer tricks the body into bringing it more food by growing new blood vessels, Age related macular degeneration the growth of new blood vessels causes blindness |
| diastolic blood pressure | how low your blood pressure goes before the heart contracts |
| systolic blood pressure | how high your blood pressure goes before the heart relaxes |
| tunica media | has elastic fibers and smooth muscles helps artery deal with pressure |
| capillary fluid movements arteriolar end | filtration |
| capillary fluid movements venule end | reabsorption due to osmosis |
| Atherosclerosis | cholesterol builds up in plaques |
| Atrial fibrillation is | an irregular heart rate caused by the atria quivering and is not immediately life threatening |
| Atrial flutter rate | 250 to 350 bpm |
| Why don't you see atrial repolarization on an EKG | it is buried in the QRS |
| Atrial systole does what percentage of ventricular filling | 30% |
| Aortic bodies are | are baroreceptors in the aorta |
| baroreceptors in the arteries are detecting | changes in blood pressure |
| How does blood from the Gi tract reach the liver | hepatic portal vein |
| What determines blood pressure | cardiac output and peripheral resistance |
| What are the units of blood pressure | mm Hg |
| What do you use to measure blood pressure | a sphygmomanometer |
| In what blood vessel do we routinely measure blood pressure | systemic arteries |
| Blood volume is what percentage of your weight | 8% |
| Bradycardia is a heart rate less than | 60 bpm |
| What do the capillaries do | connect arterioles to venules and allow for the exchange of gasses, nutrients, and waste |
| What are the walls of capillaries like | thin and only made up of the endothelium |
| cardiac output | heart rate * stroke volume |
| Cardiac veins drains into | coronary sinus --> right atrium |
| Chordae tendinea attach what 2 structures | AV valves and papillary muscles |
| Osmotic pressure in the blood is caused by | mainly plasma proteins |
| how are arteries and veins different | arteries have higher blood pressure and thinner tunica media |
| where are continuous capillaries found | muscles, connective tissues, nervous tissues, and skin |
| coronary circulation takes blood to and from | the myocardium |
| the myocardium is | the heart muscle |
| what is coronary artery disease | plaque causing a blockage in the arteries taking oxygen to the myocardium |
| What does the endocardium do | lines the heart chambers and heart vavles |
| What are deep veins in the forearm | ulnar and radial veins |
| What veins drain the lower leg | anterior and posterior tibial veins |
| atrial in systole ventricles are in | diastole, |
| ventricles are in systole atria are in | diastole |
| During early ventricular diastole | AV valves are open and semi lunar valves are closed |
| During inspiration what helps blood get back to the heart | a fall in thoracic pressure |
| ventricular systole | AV valves close |
| Why is elastic recoil of arteries important | when the ventricles contract the arteries stretch giving the blood some where to go, and when the ventricles relax the arteries recoil stops the blood pressure from dropping too much |
| What does epinephrine do | increase heart rate and blood pressure |
| fluid in the pericardium | increases friction and decreases stroke volume by squishing the heart |
| What do the auricles of the heart do | allow the atria to expand |
| What does the lymphatic system do | suck up the excess interstitial fluid and return it to the heart |
| why is hypertension called the silent killer | it often doesn't have any symptoms until you have a heart attack or a stroke |
| in a hemorrhage blood pressure does what | drop due to the decrease in blood volume |
| peripheral vascular resistance is | how hard is it for blood to drain from your arteries |
| how fast does the AV node fire if the SA node doesn't tell it to speed up | 40 to 60 bpm |
| What do intercalated disc do | hold heart cells together with desmosomes and helps the heart act as one muscle with gap junctions |
| What is MAP (mean arterial pressure) | the average blood pressure in an artery |
| What are metarterioles | an arteriovenous shunt |
| What is normal stroke volume | 70 mls per beat |
| pulmonary veins have what type of blood | oxygenated |
| pulmonary arteries have what type of blood | deoxygenated |
| What do papillary muscle do | close the AV valves by pulling on the chordae tendinae |
| How do parasympathetic messages reach the heart | through the vagus |
| What is phebitis | inflammation of a vein |
| precapillary sphincters have what type of muscle | smooth |
| pulse pressure | = systolic - diastolic blood pressure |
| purkinjes make the heart contract how | in a twisting motion starting at the apex of the ventricles |
| What opens the semi lunar valves | when ventricle pressure is > great vessel pressure |
| what closes the semi lunar valves | when great vessel pressure > ventricular pressure |
| where are sinusoidal capillaries found | liver, spleen, and red bone marrow |
| how do skeletal muscles help with venous return | squishing the veins and moving blood back to the heart |
| stretch receptors in the vena cavae can trigger | the heart to speed up in order to drop venous pressure |
| superficial veins in the upper limb | are cephalic and basilic veins |
| Sympathetic nerves reach the heart via | accelerator nerves |
| tachycardia is a heart rate | > 100 bpm |
| The pacemaker of the heart is | the SA node |
| Bifurcates | splits |
| the aorta splits into | common iliac arteries |
| What are the 3 main sections of the aorta | ascending aorta, aortic arch and descending aorta |
| aortic semilunar valve separates | aorta and L ventricle |
| AV bundle AKA | bundle of HIS |
| Why do we have an AV delay | to allow the atria to completely empty their blood into the ventricles |
| What does the brachiocephalic trunk become | right common carotid and right subclavian artery |
| The base of the heart lies beneath the | 2nd rib |
| cardiovascular system | heart and blood vessels |
| coronary sinus drains into | Right atrium |
| S1 (lubb) is caused by | closing of the AV valves |
| What is the first blood vessels that branches off of the aorta | the coronary arteries. |
| Frank starling law | as preload increases the contraction becomes stronger and the stroke volume become higher |
| How do you describe the heart | a hollow muscular pump that is in the shape of a cone. |
| Where is the heart located | in the mediastinum |
| Where is the apex of the heart | 5th intercostal space |
| What is different about the heart | it has 2 capillary beds |
| left atria gets its blood from the | pulmonary veins |
| left coronary artery gives it blood to the | left anterior descending |
| left side of hte heart pumps | oxygenated blood into the systemic circuit |
| why do we care about the median cubital vein | it is where we typically do venipuncture (blood drawls) |
| where is the mitral valve | between the left atrial and L ventricle |
| How are things exchanged at the capillary | mainly through diffusion |
| Where is the pericardial cavity | between the parietal and visceral pericardium |
| the pericardium covers | the heart and the proximal end of the great vessels |
| the popliteal vein drains into | the femoral vein |
| The pulmonary circuit carries blood | to and from the lungs |
| The pulmonary semilunar valve separates the | pulmonary trunk and the Right ventricle |
| Right ventricle gets blood from | superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus |
| the right coronary artery gets blood from | posterior interventricular artery |
| S2 (dub) is caused by | closing of the semilunar valve |
| what does the skeleton of the heart do | allows for the valves and muscles to attach and prevents excess dilation of the heart |
| systemic circuit carries blood | to and from the body |
| the myocardium | is the thickest layer of the heart and is the middle muscle layer that moves the blood |
| Fibrous pericardium | is tough outer pericardial layer |
| Where is the tricuspid valve | between the Right atria and the Right ventricle, |
| the tunica intima | is endothelium |
| What does the vasomotor center do | regulate arteriole diameter |
| where is the vasomotor center found | in the medulla oblongata |
| visceral pericardium AKA | epicardium |
| What do the atria do | they are thin walled chambers that receive blood flow from the body and the lungs |
| Average adult has ___ liters of blood | 5 |
| varicose veins | are abnormal thin walled veins |
| vasoconstriction of arterioles | increases peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure |
| dilation | opening up |
| constriction | closing down |
| veins hold how much of your blood | 2/3 |
| ventricular fibrillation | always fatal without intervention |
| AV valves | close when ventricular pressure is > atrial pressure |
| What are the layers of the arteries and veins | tunica externa, tunica intima, and tunica media |
| Arteries carry blood | away from the heart |
| veins carry blood | towards the heart |
| When is your thymus the largest | in infancy and early childhood |
| The immune system does what to germs | lysis (direct killing of bacteria by breaking up the cell membrane) |
| What is a hapten | a molecule that is happens to cause an allergic reaction but is too small to do so. They bind to a bigger molecule to become antigenic |
| Monoclonal antibodies producing cells | they keep dividing while producing the same type of antibody. |
| The spleen | removes worn out RBC and filters the blood |
| When does the body produce IgG antibodies | against bacteria, viruses, and toxins |
| Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction is | anaphylactic shock |
| Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction | is a delayed reaction that happens after an exposure |
| Why do we need helper T cells | activate B cells through cytokines and activates killer T cells |
| How do you manage lymphedema | a compression sleeve and regular exercise |
| A type 3 immune complex reaction causes what disease | rheumatoid arthritis |
| A mismatched blood transfusion is what type of hypersensitivity | a type 2 antibody dependent cytotoxic reaction |
| What is the primary function of the lymph nodes | detect and remove pathogens and debris from lymph |
| What is the primary immune response | your response after the first exposure to a pathogen |
| What is a secondary immune response.? | how your body responds to a germ the second time around usually within 2 days. |
| How big is a typically lymph node | 2.5 cm and it looks like a bean |
| how does lymph flow through the body | lymph capillaries --> lymph vessels --> Lymph nodes ---> lymph trunks --> ducts --> subclavian veins |
| What is a xenograph | a graft from a different species |
| What lymphatic capillaries absorb dietary fats | lacteal |
| Activated complement causes | lysis of pathogens |
| active immunity requires | contact with antigen and produces memory cells |
| Adaptive specific defenses are considered what line of defense | 3rd |
| The adaptive immune has to distinguish what | self from non self |
| B cells are what percentage of lymphocytes | 20 to 30% |
| T cells are what percentage of lymphocytes | 70 to 80% |
| What is agglutination | clumping of antigens to aid in phagocytosis |
| What is an allograft | a graft from another person who is not your twin |
| What is an antigen | a protein that your body sees as foreign and attacks |
| What is an autograft | A graft from yourself |
| What is an isograft | a graft from your identical twin |
| antibodies AKA | immunoglobulins |
| Why do antibodies have a Y shaped | They have 2 heavy and 2 light chains |
| APC (antigen presenting cells) will display antigen fragments attached to | MHC (HLA) proteins |
| artificially acquired immunity typically occurs by | vaccination or antibody administration |
| autoimmune | immune system attacks the body |
| B cells are activated by | antigen binding to their receptor and the helper T cell releases cytokines |
| B cells come from | Red bone marrow |
| CAR-T receptors are described as | T cell receptors and part of monoclonal antibodies |
| CAR-T therapy involves | genetically modifying T cells to recognize a tumor antigen and then infusing them |
| What is chemotaxis | when a cell swims towards a chemical. example macrophages and neutrophils |
| MHC class 1 found on | all nucleated cells |
| MHC class 2 found on | macrophages and B cells |
| Collectins protect against | many bacteria, yeast, and some viruses |
| How can you get HIV | sex, needles, mom to child, infected blood and tissues |
| What are cytokines | polypeptides made by immune cells |
| How are cytokines made in the lab | recombinant DNA and monoclonal antibody techniques |
| Cytotoxic T cells | kill viruses and cancers |
| Cytotoxic T cells recognize | class 1 MHC |
| Defenses | damage microbial membranes and cell ways |
| During inhalation lymph moves from abd to thorax because | lower thoracic pressure higher abd pressure |
| Exudate contains | fibrinogen and clotting factors |
| Fever cause the liver and the spleen to | take up iron which will then limit microbial metabolism |
| Memory cells enable | a faster immune response (secondary immune response) |
| What is graft vs host disease | the recipient's immune system attacks the donated organ |
| Helper T cells recognize pathogens via | class 2 MHC |
| HIV attacks | macrophages and helper T cells |
| What is an hypersensitivity reaction | an over reaction to a harmless antigen |
| What does IgA do | exocrine gland secretion |
| what does IgD do | found on b cell surface and common in infants |
| What does igE do | allergic responses and mast cells |
| IgM is important when | it is the first antibody made after an exposure to an atigen |
| IL 1 also called | endogenous pyrogen |
| what cells look for infections in the lymph nodes | macrophages and lymphocytes |
| Immuosuppresives are used to | shut down the immune system to treat autoimmune disease and prevent transplant rejection |
| In a primary immune response IgG shows up after | IgM |
| in the elderly IgG and IgA levels tend to be | increased |
| In the elderly IgM and IgE tend to | decrease |
| In a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction mast cells release | histamine |
| innate (non specific) defenses | protect against many pathogens |
| Interferons | block viral replication and stimulate phagocytosis |
| Interleukin 1 causes fever by | raising the temperature set point. |
| Large plasma proteins maintain | osmotic pressure |
| How is lymph flow is aided in the body | skeletal muscle contractions and breathing |
Created by:
ericmichaelperkins