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Nutrition chp 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| proteins | build and repair tissues, form enzymes, act as hormones, form antibodies, regulate pH levels, transport substances, supply energy |
| What are amino acids composed of? | amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, R group |
| Why is the R group important? | determines the amino acid's properties and function |
| What element differs in proteins (PRO) than carbs and lipids? | proteins have carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen where carbs and lipids do not have nitrogen |
| What are amino acids needed for synthesis of? | proteins, hormones, neurotransmitters, and antibodies |
| essential amino acids | cannot be made by the body, must be obtained by the diet- 9 |
| nonessential amino acids | can be made by the body- 11 |
| conditionally essential amino acids | usually part of nonessential group but becomes required from the diet during illness, stress, injury, or rapid growth |
| How are non-essential amino acids synthesized? | mainly made in the liver through transamination |
| transamination | transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to a carbon skeleton, creating a new amino acid |
| deamination | removal of the amino group from an amino acid during amino acid metabolism |
| Why does PKU limit the ability to metabolize phenylalanine? | PKU is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydrolase, which is responsible for converting phenylalanine into tyrosine |
| What NAEE level are diminished as a result of PKU? Does this substance become essential? | tyrosine decreases and becomes conditionally essential |
| Which pathway are NEAA synthesized from? | from intermediates of the citric acid cycle through transamination reactions |
| complete proteins | proteins that contain all 9 essential amino acids |
| incomplete proteins | proteins that lack one more essential amino acids |
| complementary proteins | two or more incomplete protein sources that provide all 9 essential amino acids when eaten together |
| dipeptide | 2 amino acids ex: carnosine |
| tripeptide | 3 amino acids ex: glutathione |
| oligopeptide | 4-10 amino acids ex: some hormomes |
| polypeptide | >10 amino acids ex: forms part of proteins |
| Which DNA nucleotides are complimentary? | adenine and thymine, guanine and cytosine |
| codon | sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that codes for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis |
| How many nucleotides are needed for a codon? | 3 |
| primary protein structure | linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain |
| secondary protein structure | local folding of the polypeptide chain |
| tertiary protein structure | 3D folding of the entire polypeptide chain |
| quaternary protein structure | interaction of multiple polypeptide chains |
| What happens to proteins if they are denatured? | the structural shape of a protein is disrupted, and function is lost because shape determines function |
| Percentages of protein coming from animal sources US v. worldwide | US 65-70% Worldwide 35-40% |
| How is the quality of a protein determined? | measured by how well a protein provides the essential amino acids |
| What type of protein do we commonly use as the standard to measure quality of other proteins? | egg protein is commonly used as the reference because it is highly digestible and contain all essential amino acids |
| What is the general protein RDA for healthy adults? | 0.8 grams of protein per kg of body weight |
| How to calculate grams of protein needed for adults? | Weight (kg) x 0.8g/kg equals grams of protein per day |
| How to calculate percent of protein needed per day? | ex: 70g of PRO x 4 kcal/g divided by 2000 kcal x 100 |
| What is the recommended percent of total daily calories from protein per day? | 10-35% of total daily calories |
| What is the recommended amount of protein needed per day for athletes? | 1.2-2.4 g/kg of body weight per day |
| nitrogen balance | measures the difference b/w nitrogen intake and nitrogen loss |
| % of nitrogen in amino acids | about 16% of amino acids |
| Conditions for positive nitrogen balance | positive- when body retains more nitrogen than is loses resulting in growth, fetal growth during pregnancy, recovery, and muscle building |
| Conditions for negative nitrogen balance | negative- when the body loses more nitrogen than it consumes resulting from starvation, severe illness, inadequate protein intake, and certain diseases |
| What enzymes are necessary for protein digestion? | pepsin, gastric lipase, pancreatic protease, and peptidase |
| Where does protein take place in the digestive tract? | stomach and small intestine |
| How do proteins regulate pH and fluid balance? | by acting as buffer (accepting or donating H+) and regulating fluid balance by maintaining plasma osmotic pressure |
| anergy | state in which the immune system does not respond to a specific antigen |
| antibodies | proteins produced by B-cells that recognize and bind specific antigens |
| How does low carb and protein intake relate to gluconeogenesis? | glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate sources, primarily amino acids, lactate, and glycerol |
| kwashiorkor | severe protein deficiency with adequate energy intake that results in edema, fatty liver, muscle wasting, etc. |
| marasmus | severe deficiency in both protein and total energy resulting in extreme muscle and fat depletion, stunted growth, and weakness |
| What effects does a diet high in protein have on biological functions? | positive effects- muscle growth, satiety, recovery negative effects- kidney stress, dehydration nutrient imbalances, increased bone calcium execration |
| What other nutrients are associated with high protein consumption? | high- vitamin B12, iron, zinc, selenium, and calcium low- fiber, vitamin C, magnesium, and folate |
| How can vegetarians consume enough protein? | vegetarians must plan protein intake carefully, combining plant sources to ensure all essential amino acid needs are met |
| vegan | no animal products allowed, only plant based foods |
| lacto-vegetarian | dairy allowed, eggs excluded |
| lacto-ovo-vegetarian | dairy and eggs allowed |
| What triggers an allergic reaction? | when the immune system overreacts to a normally harmless substance called an allergen |
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