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ES TEST TWO
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name given to Wegeners idea of supercontinent that drifted apart | Continental drift |
| Is the study of large scale movement and deformation of the crust and mantle as it relates to the existence and movement of rigid plates of rock over a weak or plastic layer in the upper mantle | Plate Tectonics |
| Made of the solid uppermost, part of the mantle and crust. The rock is cool hard and strong thickness 75-125km; avg 100km. | Lithosphere |
| Weak plastic layer below with a sphere two depth of 350km; 1-2% is molten; weak and plastic due to high temperature and pressure | Asthenosphere |
| Fracture in the lithosphere separating two or more plates; three ways for plates to move past each other | Plate Boundary |
| As plates pull away from each other, magma rises from the asthenosphere to fill the gap. As this magma hardens into rock, it becomes a lithosphere. aka spreading center | Rift Zone |
| Relatively small, rising column of hot plastic mantle rock; probably rise due to localized heating in the mantle | Mantle Plume |
| Is an area of persistent volcanic activity, often in the middle of a plate and usually producing basaltic lava | Hot spot |
| The ancient record of the magnetic field | Paleomagnetism |
| Is where the poles had remained fixed while the continents moved | Polar Wander |
| Some iron bearing minerals indicated magnetic field has been flipped. So north became south and south was north. | Magnetic Reversals |
| Upward and downward movement of fluid due to heating | Convention Cells |
| When a plate is pushed up at spreading center by rising magma and gravity starts pulling it back down; at subduction zones, the cool dense plate gets pulled back into the mantle | Ridge Push and Slab Pull |
| Ground shaking created by sudden rapid movement of blocks of rocks, slipping past each other along faults | Earthquake |
| Initial rupture point were slipped along the fault begins typically below the surface | Hypocenter or focus |
| Point of earths surface directly above focus | Epicenter |
| Friction between rocks prevents them from sliding past each other into a critical point is reached then they returned to their original state | Elastic rebound |
| Is the study of earthquakes in nature of earths interior based up on evidence from seismic waves | Seismology |
| Move so fast they are the first waves to be observed | Primary waves |
| They are the second waves to be observed at the recording station. These are sheer waves that caused up-and-down motion in the crust. | Secondary waves |
| Are similar to an S wave, except the motion is perpendicular to the direction of the wave | Love waves |
| Are similar to ocean waves they move up and down within vertical plane and basically roll through the crust | Rayleigh waves |
| Liquefaction | |
| Tsunami | |
| Elastic deformation | |
| Plastic deformation | |
| Brittle deformation | |
| Ductile Deformation | |
| Anticline | |
| Syncline | |
| Normal fault | |
| Graben | |
| Horst | |
| Reverse fault | |
| Thrust fault | |
| Strike-slip or Transform Fault | |
| Orogenesis | |
| When soil containing water is shaken, the grains of the soil will shift expelling water. This transfer stress to the pore water, causing the soil to act as liquid. | |
| Waves formed as a result of crustal displacement by earthquakes | |
| Rocks can deform elastically like a rubber band when the pressure is released the rock bounces back to its original form, releasing energy | |
| Beyond the elastic limit, in this case, the rock does not return to its original shape and energy is not stored in the rock | |
| In which case rocks break like glass or human bones, this is more likely to occur if there is a little pressure on the rocks or if they deformed quickly | |
| Produces a change in shape of the object with without causing fracturing. The object will return to its original shape after the pressure is released. | |
| Are upward folded arches in sedimentary strata | |
| Are downward folded arches, and sedimentary strata | |
| When the hanging wall has dropped down relative to the foot wall along the dip | |
| Down dropped(apparently) fault blocks, which are bounded by normal faults | |
| Uplifted (apparently) fault blocks, which are bounded by normal faults | |
| When the hanging wall has moved up relative to the foot wall along the dip | |
| Reverse fault with a dip angle of less than 45° | |
| If the movement along the fall is parallel to strike (horizontal) | |
| A term to describe all of processes involved in mountain building | |
| Is the resistance of a fluid to flow | Viscosity |
| Has a ropy surface texture | Pahoehoe |
| (Material <2mm) that can be ejected high into the atmosphere and travel thousands of kilometers | Ash |
| Is proclastic material that measures between two and 64mm | Lapilli |
| Are material larger than 64mm and our angular pieces of material ripped from the conduit of country rock | Blocks |
| Is larger than 64mm and are rounded informed when molten rock is ejected and cools as it flies through the atmosphere | Bomb |
| Is a low density vesicular rock that forms during explosive eruptions of viscous magma having an andesitic to rhyolitic composition | Pumice |
| Allow gas to escape from the magma chamber through the cracks that reached the surface | Fumeroles |
| Resemble a shield laying on the ground with the convex side up they have a low angle slopes (2 to 10°). | Shield Volcano |
| Are small(< 400mm), steep sided ( up to 33°) volcanoes made of pyroclastic material and resemble cinders | Cinder Cone |
| Have steep summits (up to 30°), but flatten out near the basis | Stratovolcano or Composite Cone |
| Volcanic mud flow commonly on strato volcanoes | Lahar |
| When large craters formed when a volcano collapses after an eruption which has partially or completely drained the magma center | Caldera |
| Occur along cracks in the earths surface these eruptions can produce huge lava flows (typically mafic) cover large areas | Fissure Eruptions |
| Are magma which called within the crust of the earth | Pluton |
| Are discondant and often vertical or near vertical and they can be a few cm to hundreds of meters thick | Dike |
| Are concordant and form between layers of country rock. Fluid pressure for forces the magma between the layers of existing rock and can be hundreds of m thick. | Sill |
| Are similar to sills except they have flat bottoms and dome up, producing a mushroom shape these push the existing rock upward as the fluid pressure build | Laccolith |
| Are the largest of all plutons and by definition must cover 100 square km of surface area | Batholith |
| Lava flows have a rough broken surface, covered with angular blocks and fragments of rocks | Aa |
Created by:
Jessilester