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GEM President terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Appointments | Presidental selections for federal positions, includes cabinet members, ambassadors, and judges. Requires SENATE confirmation |
| Appropriation bills | Legislation passed by congress that provides funding for federal programs, presidents can influence but must sign to issue funds |
| Approval ratings | Polls that measure public support for the president, effects presidental influence and political capital |
| Budget | The presidents proposed plan for federal spending and revenue, submitted to congress, often reflects policy priorities |
| Bully Pulpit | The presidents platform to shape and command media attention, public opinion, and pressure congress to advance policy agendas. leverages presidency's visibility thru speeches, social media, and direct communication |
| Cabinet | -Group of presidental advisors -Heads of federal departments -Implements policy and advises the president |
| Chief Legislator | The presidents role in influencing lawmaking, proposing legislation, lobbying congress, and signing/vetoing bills. |
| Chief of staff | The Presidents top AID who manages the white house staff, schedules, and access to the president |
| Commander in Chief | The Presidents constitutional authority to lead the US armed forces |
| Council of Economic Advisors (CEA) | -group of economists -advises the president on economic policy which includes: employment, inflation, and growth |
| Delegated Power | - Authority congress grants to the branches to act in specific areas - listed in Article 1 Section 8 for congress - Article 2 for the president |
| Discretionary spending | federal spending that congress can adjust annually, unlike madnatory spending which is pre-set by the law |
| Divided Government | when the presidency and congress are controlled by different political parties, leading to legislative gridlock |
| Election process for presidents | 1. Primaries + Caucuses -> parties choose their candidates, voters in each state vote on who they want as their party rep 2. National conventions -> each party selects their presidental and vice presidental candidates 3. General election campaign + vote |
| Electoral college | =system that officially elects the president - each states electors = its congressional representation -group of 538 electors who vote to decide who becomes president of the United States -270 to win |
| Emergency Powers | Special authority the president can use during crises -> expands executive actions temporarily |
| Entitlements | Government programs providing benefits to eligible citizens ex. social security and medicare |
| Executive Agencies | Federal organizations under the presidents control -> implement laws and policies ex. NASA or EPA |
| Executive agreement | International agreement made by the president without senate approval |
| Executive Office of the President (EOP) | A group of agencies supporting the presidents work ex. OMB, NSC, CEA |
| Executive Order | A rule issued by the president that has the force of law -bypasses congress |
| executive Privelege | The presidents claimed right to withhold info from congress or the courts for confidntiality |
| Federal reserve board (FRB) | The group managing US monetary policy, regulating banks, and influencing interest rates |
| Federalist 70 | - Hamiltons arguement for a single, energetic executive, to ensure accountability and effective leadership -Why -> protects country, makes decisions more efficent, public can hold them accountable |
| First 100 days | Early period of a presidents term, used to set priorities and define leadership |
| Fiscal Policy | Government policies on taxation and spending - aimed at influencing the economy |
| Formal Powers | Constitutionally granted ex. veto and commander in chief |
| Informal Powers | Setting the agenda and public appeals |
| Honeymoon period | Early part of a presidency when public approval is high and cooperation with congress is more likely |
| Impeachment | Process by which the house charges a president with ''high crimes and misdemeanors'', with removal requiring senate conviction |
| Impoundment of Funds | When a president refuses to spend money appropriated by congress (largely limited by law) |
| Inherent Powers | Powers claimed by the president - not explicitly in the constitution but necessary for duties |
| In-Kind Subsidy | Non-cash government benefits provided to individuals ex. food stamps or housing assistance |
| Keynesian economics | Economic theory advocating government spending to stimulate demand during recessions -pro active government intervention |
| Lame-duck period | The time between an election and the inauguration of a new president - when the outgoing president has less influence -president may use this time to pass controversial legislation, issue pardons, or make executive orders |
| Line item veto | the power to veto specific parts of a bill - ruled unconstitutional for the president |
| Medicare | Federal health insurance program for Americans aged 65 and older |
| Medicaid | Federal and state program providing health coverage to low-income individuals |
| Midterm elections | Congressional elections occurring halfway thru a presidents term - often affect presidential influence |
| Monetarism | Economic theory emphasizing the regulation of money supply to control inflation -advocates for controlling the money supply rather than relying on fiscal policy to stabilize the economy |
| Monetary Policy | Central bank actions that influence the economy thru money supply and interest rates |
| National Agenda | Policy priorities set by the president -highlighted in speeches and state of the union adresses |
| National Security Council | Advises the president on foreign policy, military, and national security issues |
| Office of Management and Budget | Prepare the federal budget, reviews agency regulations, and oversees policy implementation |
| Override | Congress' power to overturn a presidential veto with a 2/3 vote in BOTH chambers (senate and the house) |
| Pardon | Presidential forgiveness for federal crimes, which removes legal consequences |
| Pocket Veto | The president's indirect veto by not signing within 10 days while congress is adjourned |
| Power of persuasion | The presidents ability to influence Congress, the public, and other political actors to achieve policy goals |
| Presidential Coattails | The influence a popular president may have on helping congressional candidates from the same party to win elections |
| Presidental Removal Process | Impeachment by the house and the conviction by the Senate |
| Presidential Succession | The order of officials who assume the presidency if it becomes vacant -clarified in 25th amendment |
| Press secretary | White house official responsible for communicating with the media |
| Primary Season | The period when political parties select their nominees for the general election thru state primaries and caucuses |
| Qualifications to be President | -35 years old -natural born US citizen -resident for 14 years |
| Rally round the Flag effect | Short term increase in presidential approval during international crises |
| Reserved Power | Powers not given to the federal government - retained by the states 10th amendment |
| Signing Statement | Presidential comments issued when signing a bill -often indicating interpretation or constitutional concerns |
| Social Security | Federal program providing retirement, disability, and survivor benefits |
| Supply side economics | Economic theory emphasizing tax cuts and deregulation to encourage production and economic growth |
| State of the union adress | Annual speech in which the president outlines policy priorities and legislative agenda. |
| Twentieth Amendment | Sets the start and end dates for presidential and congressional terms; reduces “lame-duck” periods. |
| 25 amendment | Clarifies presidential succession and procedures for dealing with presidential disability. |
| 22nd amendment | Limits presidency to 2 terms in office |
| Unified government | When the same party controls the presidency and both chambers of Congress. |
| United States v. Nixon | Supreme Court case limiting executive privilege, requiring Nixon to turn over tapes during Watergate. |
| Veto | Presidential rejection of legislation, which can be overridden by Congress |
| Veto message | Formal statement explaining the president’s reasons for vetoing a bill. |
| Vice Presidency | Constitutional office, president of the Senate, and first in line for presidential succession. |
| War powers resolution | Law intended to limit the president’s ability to commit troops without congressional approval. |
| White house staff | A team of advisors and assistants providing advice, policy support, and administrative management for the president. |
Created by:
26TheMaz1