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Mental Health
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sleep | A periodic, natural loss of consciousness, as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation. |
| Sleep/wake cycle | The daily biological rhythm of being asleep and being awake, regulated by the master clock in the brain. |
| Consciousness | Our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment. |
| Circadian rhythm | Our internal biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (e.g., temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle. |
| Jet lag | A temporary sleep disorder that occurs when the body's internal clock is out of sync with a new time zone. |
| EEG (Electroencephalogram) | A device that records the electrical activity of the brain via electrodes placed on the scalp; used to identify sleep stages. |
| Stages of sleep | Distinct patterns of brain waves and muscle activity (NREM-1, NREM-2, NREM-3, and REM). |
| NREM sleep | Non-Rapid Eye Movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except REM. |
| Hypnagogic sensations | Bizarre experiences, such as jerking or a feeling of falling or floating weightlessly, while transitioning into NREM-1 sleep. |
| REM sleep | Rapid Eye Movement sleep; sleep stage during which vivid dreams occur. |
| Paradoxical sleep | Another name for REM sleep; the muscles are relaxed (paralyzed), but other body systems are active (brain waves resemble wakefulness). |
| REM rebound | The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation. |
| Activation-synthesis theory | The theory that dreams are the brain's attempt to synthesize random neural activity into a story. |
| Consolidation theory | The idea that sleep helps process and "file" memories from the day into long-term storage. |
| Restoration theory | The idea that sleep allows the body and brain to repair and replenish themselves. |
| Insomnia | Persistent problems in falling or staying asleep. |
| Narcolepsy | A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks; the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep. |
| REM sleep behavior disorder | A condition where the paralysis typically associated with REM sleep is absent, causing the person to physically act out their dreams. |
| Sleep apnea | A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. |
| Somnambulism | Sleepwalking; occurs during NREM-3 (deep sleep). |
| Hypertension | Abnormally high blood pressure, often linked to chronic stress. |
| Immune suppression | The reduction in the immune system's ability to fight infection, often caused by prolonged stress. |
| Eustress | a positive, motivating stress |
| Distress | a negative, debilitating stress. |
| Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) | Potentially traumatic events occurring in childhood that can have long-term impacts on health and well-being. |
| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) | Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases: Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion. |
| Alarm reaction | The first phase of GAS; the fight or flight sympathetic nervous system is activated. |
| Resistance phase | The second phase of GAS; the body remains on high alert with high blood pressure and hormones to cope with the stressor. |
| Exhaustion phase | The final phase of GAS; the body's resources are depleted, making it vulnerable to illness or collapse. |
| Tend-and-befriend theory | Under stress, some people provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend). |
| Problem-focused coping | Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with it. |
| Emotion-focused coping | Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs. |
| Positive Psychology | The scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths that help individuals and communities thrive. |
| Positive subjective experiences | Feelings of happiness, well-being, or flow. |
| Signature strengths or virtues | Personal traits (like courage or kindness) that positive psychologists identify as keys to a fulfilling life. |
| Posttraumatic growth: | Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises. |
| American Psychiatric Association (APA) | The professional organization that publishes the DSM. |
| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) | The standard system for classifying and diagnosing mental disorders. |
| World Health Organization (WHO) | An international agency that tracks health and produces the ICD. |
| International Classification of Diseases (ICD) | The international standard for reporting diseases and health conditions, including mental disorders. |
| Eclectic approach | An approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy. |
| Behavioral perspective | Focuses on how mental disorders are learned through conditioning. |
| Psychodynamic perspective | Views disorders as the result of unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences. |
| Humanistic perspective | Focuses on personal growth and the realization of one's full potential (self-actualization). |
| Cognitive perspective | Focuses on how irrational or maladaptive thought patterns contribute to mental disorders. |
| Evolutionary perspective | Considers how certain behaviors or mental traits may have been adaptive for survival. |
| Sociocultural perspective | Examines how social environment and culture influence the development of mental disorders. |
| Biological perspective | Links mental disorders to physiological factors like genes, brain chemistry, or hormones. |
| Biopsychosocial model | An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis. |
| Diathesis-stress model | Suggests that a disorder results from a combination of a biological predisposition (diathesis) and stressful life events. |
| Neurodevelopmental disorders | Disorders that typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school; includes ADHD and autism spectrum |
| ADHD | A disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity. |
| Autism spectrum disorder | A disorder marked by social deficiencies and repetitive behaviors. |
| Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders | a group of severe mental disorders characterized by a loss of contact with reality, delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and abnormal motor behavior (including catatonia) |
| Delusions (Persecution/Grandeur) | False beliefs in schizophrenia; persecution is believing someone is out to get you; grandeur is believing you are famous or powerful. |
| Hallucinations | False sensory experiences in schizophrenia, such as seeing or hearing something that is not there. |
| Disorganized thinking/speech | Fragmented or bizarre thinking in schizophrenia; inability to stay on a logical train of thought. |
| Word salad | Jumbled ideas and words within a sentence that do not make sense (schizophrenia). |
| Disorganized motor behavior | Unusual physical movements. (schizophrenia) |
| Catatonia: | A state of motor immobility and behavioral unresponsiveness. (schizophrenia) |
| Positive symptoms | The presence of inappropriate behaviors (hallucinations, delusions). |
| Negative symptoms | The absence of appropriate behaviors (flat affect, social withdrawal). |
| Flat affect | A lack of emotional responsiveness. |
| Catatonic stupor | A severe form of catatonia where the person remains motionless for hours. |
| Acute schizophrenia | schizophrenia that develops rapidly following stress (more likely recovery) |
| Chronic schizophrenia | schizophrenia that develops slowly over time (recovery less likely). |
| Dopamine hypothesis | The theory that schizophrenia is caused by an overabundance of dopamine receptors in the brain. |
| Major depressive disorder | Persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest in activities for at least two weeks. |
| Persistent depressive disorder | A milder but more chronic form of depression lasting at least two years. |
| Mania | the hyperactive, wildly optimistic state of bipolar disorder in which dangerously poor judgment is common. |
| Bipolar cycling | The alternation between the "low" of depression and the "high" of mania. |
| Bipolar I disorder | Characterized by at least one full manic episode, usually followed by depression. |
| Bipolar II disorder | Characterized by major depressive episodes and at least one hypomanic (less severe) episode. |
| Specific phobia | Persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation. |
| Agoraphobia | Fear of situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable (often leads to avoiding crowds or outside). |
| Panic disorder | Marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread (panic attacks). |
| Social anxiety disorder | Intense fear and avoidance of social situations due to fear of being judged. |
| Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) | Continual, excessive, and uncontrollable worry about various things for six months or more. |
| Obsessions | Persistent and unwanted thoughts |
| Compulsions | Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that a person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession. |
| Hoarding disorder | Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value. |
| Dissociative amnesia | Loss of memory for personal information, usually of a stressful or traumatic nature. |
| Fugue | A state of running away where a person loses their identity and may travel to a new location. |
| Dissociative identity disorder (DID) | A disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities. |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | Characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, and social withdrawal after a traumatic experience. |
| Hypervigilance | An enhanced state of sensory sensitivity accompanied by an exaggerated intensity of behaviors whose purpose is to detect threats. |
| Flashbacks | Reliving a traumatic event as if it were happening in the present. |
| Paranoid Personality Disorder | disorder characterized by a pervasive and unjustified patterns of distrust and extreme suspicion of others' motives; Cluster A (Odd/Eccentric) |
| Schizoid Personality Disorder | disorder characterized by a consistent pattern of detachment from social relationships and a very restricted range of emotional expression; Cluster A (Odd/Eccentric) |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder | disorder characterized by a long-term pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating the rights of others without remorse or empathy; Cluster B: Dramatic/Emotional |
| Borderline Personality Disorder | disorder characterized by intense instability in moods, self-image, and interpersonal relationships, often accompanied by impulsivity; Cluster B: Dramatic/Emotional |
| Histrionic Personality Disorder | disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and a constant need to be the center of attention; Cluster B: Dramatic/Emotional |
| Narcissistic Personality Disorder | disorder characterized by a long-standing pattern of grandiosity, an overwhelming need for admiration, and a lack of empathy for others; Cluster B: Dramatic/Emotional |
| Avoidant Personality Disorder | disorder characterized by extreme social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation or rejection; Cluster C: Anxious/Fearful |
| Dependent Personality Disorder | disorder characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clinging behavior; Cluster C: Anxious/Fearful |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder | disorder characterized by a rigid preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control at the expense of flexibility; Cluster C: Anxious/Fearful |
| Psychotherapy | Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome difficulties. |
| Therapeutic alliance | A bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client. |
| Psychotropic medication | Drugs that affect mental processes (mood, thoughts, behavior). |
| Deinstitutionalization | The policy of moving severely mentally ill people out of large state institutions and into community-based mental health centers. |
| Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) | Using conditioning (like reinforcement) to change specific behaviors. |
| Systematic desensitization | A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. |
| Aversion therapy | Associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol). |
| Token economy | An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for privileges or treats. |
| Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) | A therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior). |
| Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) | A confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes. |
| Person-centered therapy | A humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which the therapist uses active listening and unconditional positive regard to help a client self-actualize |
| Unconditional positive regard | A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude which Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance. |
| Tardive dyskinesia | Involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs. |
| Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain. |
Created by:
lcurty100