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AP Bio Evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| gene pool | All the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene, that are present in a population at any one time |
| gene flow | movement of alleles from one population to another |
| genetic drift | A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection. |
| founder effect | genetic drift that occurs after a small number of individuals colonize a new area |
| bottle neck effect | genetic drift that results from an event that drastically reduces the size of a population |
| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | condition that occurs when the frequency of alleles in a particular gene pool remain constant over time |
| frequency equations | (p = frequency of dominant alleles, q = frequency of recessive alleles, p + q = 1) BB probability: p² Bb probability: 2 × p × q bb probability: q² |
| stabilizing selection | form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position occurs when individuals near the center (average) of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end |
| directional selection | Form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves, occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve |
| disruptive selection | form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle |
| synonymous mutations | nucleotide changes that don't result in amino acid changes (silent mutations) |
| nonsynonymous mutations | changes in nucleotides that change amino acids |
| psuedogenes | former genes that have accumulated mutations and are nonfunctional |
| positive selection | natural selection that increases the frequency of a favorable allele |
| phylogeny | Evolutionary history of a species |
| taxon | a group of organisms in a classification system |
| clade | A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants. |
| homologous structures | Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry |
| divergent evolution | when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time |
| synamorphies | shared derived characteristics that separate a group (ex: vertebrates have a spinal column) |
| homoplasies | Similar structures that have evolved independently. |
| ingroup | a group with shared characteristics |
| outgroup | a group that lacks certain characteristics had by others |
| monophyletic | ALL descendants came from one common ancestor |
| polyphyletic | pertaining to a group of taxa that includes distantly related organisms but does not include their most recent common ancestor |
| paraphyletic | Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants. |
| reproductive isolation | separation of a species or population so that they no longer interbreed and evolve into two separate species |
| allopatric | The formation of a new species as a result of an ancestral population's becoming isolated by a geographic barrier. |
| sympatric | The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area |
| hybrids | Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits |
| mechanical isolation (pre-zygote) | difference in reproductive organs |
| temporal isolation (pre-zygote) | species breed at different times of the year |
| behavioral isolation (pre-zygote) | reject/don't recognize mating behaviors |
| habitat isolation (pre-zygote) | different environmental preferences |
| gamete isolation (pre-zygote) | sperms and eggs of different species will not fuse |
| post-zygotic isolating mechanisms | hybrid inviability (not gonna make it) and infertility |
| requirements for hardy weinberg equilibrium | no mutations, random mating, no gene flow (migration), very large population size (no genetic drift), and no natural selection |
| convergent evolution | unrelated or distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits or behaviors to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches |
| morphological homologies | represent modified traits shared among different species |
Created by:
lreynal