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A&P Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| arteries | carry oxygenated blood from the heart and have thick tunica media, regulate blood pressure |
| veins | returns blood to the heart (typically deoxygenated except for pulmonary veins), has valves to prevent backflow and wider lumen |
| capillaries | connects arteries and veins, very thin for gas exchange |
| valves | made of elastic tissue, ensures blood only flows towards the heart |
| pulmonary circuit | transports blood to and from the lungs, picking up oxygen and delivering CO2 for exhalation |
| systemic circuit | transports oxygenated blood to body tissues and returns deoxygenated blood and CO2 to the heart to be sent thru the pulmonary system |
| pulmonary loop | RA --> tricuspid valve --> RV --> pulmonary semilunar valve --> pulmonary trunk --> right and left pulmonary arteries --> lungs --> pulmonary veins --> left atrium |
| systemic loops | RA --> bicuspid valve (mitral) --> LV --> aortic semilunar valve --> aorta --> arteries --> arterioles --> capillaries --> venules --> veins --> vena cavae --> right atrium |
| ____________and ____________ are sites of gas exchange | lungs and capillaries |
| cardiac output | volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minutes (Liters/minute) |
| cardiac output equation | CO = SV x HR |
| CO at rest and exercise | rest --> 5 Liters/min exercise --> 30-35 Liters/ min |
| factors that affect stroke volume | larger end diastolic volume --> larger SV sympathetic nerves secreting epinephrine increases SV plasma epinephrine from adrenal medulla increases SV |
| factors that affect heart rate | stimulation of sympathetic nerves increases HR stimulation of parasympathetic nerves decreases HR plasma epinephrine from adrenal medulla increases HR |
| EKG | electrocardiogram; traces electrical signal of the heart |
| P wave | first small wave, depolarization of the atria |
| QRS complex | larger, repolarization of the ventricles |
| T wave | repolarization of the ventricles |
| when is the atria repolarized? | during the QRS complex |
| systole vs diastole | contraction relaxation |
| electrical system of the heart | Sinoatrial (SA) node --> atrioventricular (AV) node --> atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his) --> purkinje fibers |
| SA node | sinoatrial node in the superior and posterior RA walls, initiates sinus rhythm |
| AV node | atrioventricular node in the inferior portion of the RA, slows signals |
| bundle of his | bridge that transmits impulses from AV node to ventricles |
| purkinje fibers | final high speed conduction pathway |
| fetal vs adult heart | 1. foramen ovale 2. ductus arteriosus 3. ductus venosus 4. remnants of umbilical arteries |
| foramen ovale | allows blood to flow from RA thru interatrial septum to LA; seals up as an adult and becomes the fossa ovalis |
| ductus arteriosus | connects pulmonary trunk to aorta; degenerates to CT, becomes ligamentum arteriosum in adults |
| ductus venosis | temporary vessel that branches off umbilical vein; allows blood from placenta to heart; closes in first weeks of infancy and becomes ligamentum venosum |
| frank-starling law of the heart | the force of contraction is directly proportional to initial length of muscle fibers the greater the stretch of the ventricular muscle, the more powerful the contraction, increasing SV |
| frank starling equations | BP = CO x PR CO = SV x HR BP = (SV x HR) PR |
| heart murmur | abnormal heart sound |
| myocardial infarction | decreased or complete cessation of blood flow to myocardium |
| aneurysm | blood vessel bursts |
| varicose vein | valve flips wrong way, trapping blood |
| mitral stenosis | narrowing of mitral valve |
| mitral valve prolapse | valve flops back during contraction --> regurgitation |
| cardiac tamponade | blood filling the sac around the heart |
| bradycardia | too slow HR |
| tachycardia | too fast HR |
| CVI/CVA | cerebral vascular incident/accident (stroke) disrupted brain blood flow |
| pulmonary | RA to lungs to LA |
| systemic | LA to body to RA |
| endocardium | thin endothelial layer |
| myocardium | middle thickest layer, contracts to pump |
| epicardium | visceral layer of pericardium containing vessels |
| tricuspid valve | between. RA and RV |
| mitral valve | between LA and LV |
| pulmonary valve | between. RV and pulmonary artery |
| vena cava | brings oxygen poor blood to RA |
| pulmonary artery | carries blood from RV to lungs |
| pulmonary veins | oxygen rich blood from lungs to LA |
| aorta | oxygen rich blood from LV to body |
| antigens | foreign substances that trigger immune responses |
| antibodies | immunoglobulins that neutralize antigens |
| B cells | mature in bone marrow; produce antibodies and involved in humoral (body fluid) immunity |
| T cells | mature in thymus gland; cell mediated immunity |
| normal blood pH | 7.35-7.45 |
| acidosis | more acidic blood pH |
| alkalosis | more basic blood pH |
| hematocrit | % of RBC's to whole blood cells usually about 45% |
| erythrocytes (RBC's) | transport oxygen and CO2 |
| neutrophils | active phagocytes; increase in acute infections |
| eosinophils | kill parasitic worms, increase during allergy attacks (antihistamine) |
| basophils | make histamine and discharge it at inflammation sites |
| lymphocytes | involved in immune system |
| monocytes | become macrophages, long term clean-up, |
| 2 types of blood typing | ABO and Rh |
| ABO | can have A, B, A and B, or neither A or B (O) |
| Rh | if RhD is present, you are positive, if it is absent, negative |
| erythropoesis | formation of RBC's in red bone marrow |
| erythropoietin | stimulates stem cells in bone marrow to differentiate into reticulocytes |
| where does erythropoietin come from? | 85% kidneys and 15% liver |
| what is secretion of erythropoietin stimulated by? | low oxygen levels in plasma |
| agranulocytes | lymphocytes and monocytes |
| hemoglobin | carries oxygen by attaching it to iron and CO2 by hanging it off the cages |
| albumin | most abundant plasma protein, binds proteins for transport, COP, 54% plasma proteins |
| globulins | alpha and beta transport iron, lipids and fat soluble vitamins gamma are immunoglobins 38% |
| fibrinogen | needed for clotting 7% |
| RBC lifespan | 120 days |
| RBC recycling | macrophages phagocytize worn out RBC's to break heme down to bilirubin and to transport iron (using transferrin) to be reused in the production of hemoglobin |
Created by:
kingsleya27