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gov ch 10-12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| political culture | the dominant set of beliefs, customs, traditions that define the relationship between citizens and government |
| rule of law | the principle that no one including public officials is above the law |
| individualism | the belief that individuals should be responsible for themselves and the decisions they make |
| laissez faire/ free enterprise | an economic system in which the government intrudes as little as possible in the economic transactions among citizens and businesses |
| what are the 5 core political values | individualism rule of law free enterprise limited government equality of opportunity |
| free enterprise system | constitution gives Congress power to regulate interstate/foreign trade |
| political socialization | the experiences and factors that shape an individual's political values, attitudes and behaviors |
| political ideology | an individual's coherent set of beliefs about government and politics |
| generational effect | the impact of historical events experienced by a generation on their political views. |
| life style effect | the impact of a person's age and stage in life on his or her political views. |
| explain how political sociology, political culture and political ideology are interrelated | political sociology explains where political culture comes from by showing how social experiences shape people's political views. That political culture then influences political ideologies that people adopt. political ideologies shape political culture. |
| public opinion | sum of individuals attitudes about government, policies and issues |
| why is public opinion important in a republican form of government | voters communicate their opinions on representatives, a representative government can't function without an understanding of public opinion. if they don't know what the people want they can't represent people in the policy making process. |
| Validity | measures what its supposed to measure |
| reliability | predicts the results time and time again with little errors |
| statistical significance | helps quantify weather a result is likely due to chance or some factor of interest. |
| scientific poll | takes into account a representative sample of randomly selected respondents with a statistically significant sample size, using neutral language |
| sample | a group of individuals from a larger population used to measure public opinion |
| mass survey | survey designed to measure the opinions of the population, usually consisting of 1500 responses |
| random selection | now over or under represent any group of the population |
| representative sample | a sample that reflects the demographics of the population |
| sampling error | the margin of error calculated to +/- 3% |
| focus error | small group of people assemble for a conversation about specific issues |
| weighting | a procedure in which the survey is adjusted according to the demographics of the larger population |
| gross domestic product and why would a candidate for office want to know its value | the total value of goods and services produced by an economy shows how strong the economy is, if it's growing it means businesses are producing more and the economy is doing well which voters like. |
| unemployment rate why would a candidate for office want to know its value | the percentage of people actively looking for work who cannot find jobs it hurts the economy and voters, candidates would want to show they have plans to create jobs |
| inflation rate why would a candidate for office want to know its value | the rise in the prices of goods and services high inflation means things have become more expresinc which would make voters unhappy. candidates want inflation low and stable |
| Business cycle | pattern of alternating ups and downs of GDP over time with an upward trend line |
| Fiscal policy and what tools does Congress have to conduct fiscal policy? | government use of taxes and spending to attempt to lower unemployment, support economic growth, and stabilize the economy (tools = spending and taxes) |
| Keynesian economics- what party? | a theory emphasizing that government intervention (via spending and tax cuts) is necessary to stabilize the economy, especially during recessions. less inequality, more $ to social programs democrats |
| Supply-Side economics- | theory emphasizing that lower taxes, deregulation, and free trade stimulate economic growth and get people working by increasing the supply of goods and services Less government intervention, increased spending on production Republicans |
| party ideology | a set of beliefs about the desired goals and outcomes of a process of governance |
| party identification | an individual’s attachment to a political party |
| describe coservatism | Republican, more control of social behavior, fewer regulations on businesses, and less government interference in the economy |
| describe liberalism | Democratic, less government control over social behavior and more regulation of businesses and of the economy |
| describe libertarianism | Libertarian, an ideology favoring very little government regulation and intervention beyond protecting private property and individual liberty |
| describe the two main sources of government revenue that come from income workers earn. | Income tax- a tax on the income people earn Payroll tax- the amount of each check an employer must deduct from your pay and send to the government. |
| outlays | It means the yearly spending by the government and where the money goes. |
| What are the three basic categories of government outlays and which category is the largest? | Discretionary, mandatory and interest. Mandatory is the largest because it is required by past laws. |
| Briefly explain the role of the executive and legislative branches in the federal budget process. | The executive branch proposes the budget and congress decides how and where to spend and pass appropriations bills and get them signed by the president. |
| How can the government spend more than it earns in income and how does this impact the yearly budget? | The government must borrow to pay for its excess spending. Each year it must pay the interest that is due on its borrowing. It reduces the budget because the government needs to spend more money on paying interest. |
| Federal Reserve System “Fed” | A board of governors, federal reserve banks and member banks responsible for monetary policy. |
| Monetary policy | a set of economic policy tools designed to regulate the amount of money in the economy |
| interest rates | the proportion of a loan that is charged as interest to the borrower, typically expressed as an annual percentage of the loan outstanding. |
| Explain the differences between fiscal policy and monetary policy. | fiscal- gov changes taxes/spending to influence economy, controlled by govt monetary- when fed reserve changes interest rates/ the $ supply to influence economy, controlled by federal reserve |
| How does a person get on the Fed’s Board of Governors and what is the length of their term? | They are appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate, they serve 14 year terms (To keep them independent from political pressures and short term political changes allowing them to make long term economic decisions), non renewable. |
| If the Fed is concerned about unemployment levels, explain what they would do to interest rates and how this would supposedly “fix” the problem? | They would lower interest rates to encourage borrowing and spending which helps businesses expand and hire more. |
| . If the Fed is concerned about inflation levels, explain what they would do to interest rates and how this would supposedly “fix” the problem? | They would raise interest rates to make borrowing more expensive which slows spending and investment which makes less inflation. |
| entrance survey | poll conducted of people coming into an event |
| exit poll | survey conducted outside a polling place in which people are asked who and what they just voted for and why |
| benchmark poll | survey taken at beginning of political campaign in order to gauge support for the candidate and determine which issues are important to voters |
| tracking poll | survey determining level of support for a candidate or an issue throughout a campaign |
| random digit dialing | use of telephone numbers randomly generated by a computer to select potential survey respondants |
| question order | sequencing of questions In public opinion polls |
| question wording | phrasing of questions in a public opinion poll |
| gender gap | difference between how men/women vote |
| how does randomness, representativeness, sample size, and neutral language collectively improve the validity and reliability of a public poll | ensures people are selected without bias and that sample size accurately reflects the broader population |
| explain how the different kinds of opinion polls are used as a part of the political process | helps candidates measure public support, campaign strategies, predict outcomes and understand voter behavior |
| how does question order and wording lead to skewed or biased results and how do pollsters try to avoid bias in their polls | can influence responses by framing issues in a way that encourages an answer. Earlier questions could prime respondents to think about certain issues. can be avoided using random sampling, large sample sizes, neutral worded questions and diverse samples. |
| difference between political ideology and party identifacation | ideology is a set of beliefs about the desire goals and outcomes of a process of government, party identification is an individual's attachment to a political party. |
| globalization | the increasing interconnectedness of people, business and countries throughout the world |
| outsourcing | when a company moves its business to a place where labor costs are cheaper or production is more efficient because workers work longer hours |
| command and control economy | economic policy in which the government dictates much of a nation's economic activity, including the amount of production and prices for goods |
| mixed economy | economic policy in which economic decisions are left to individuals and businesses with the government regulating economic activity |
| economic recession | a period of decline in economic activity, typically defined by 2 consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth |
| consumer price index | the cost of a fixed basket of goods and services over time, used to measure the cost of living |
| command economy and what supporters of it would value most | wants govt to control the economy/decide what's made/how resources are used supports want govt to help everyone, make things fair, want govt to control most of the economy |
| free market economy and what supporters of it would value most | wants businesses/people to make their own economic decisions with little/no govt control supporters want freedom, competition, businesses to make their own choices with government control |
| mixed economy | wants businesses and govt to be involved/ share control |
| during an expansion what happens to GDP, inflation and unemployment | GDP on rise inflation increases slightly unemployment goes down |
| during a contraction what happens to GDP, inflation and unemployment | GDP falling inflation decreases unemployment increases |
| what would the government do with fiscal policy to expand the economy and decrease unemployment | increase spending, lower taxes which puts more money in the economy, increases demand and encourages businesses to hire more workers. |
| what would the government do with fiscal policy to contract the economy and reduce inflation | decrease spending, raise taxes which takes money out of the economy and slows spending which lowers inflation |
| budget deficit | government spends more money than it takes it |
| budget surplus | government collects more money than it spends |
| difference between deficit and debt | deficit is the amount the government overspends in one year while the national debt is the total amount the government owes from past deficits |
| keynesian approach to fiscal policy vs Reaganomics approach. | K- govt should increase spending and lower taxes to boost consumer demand and stimulate the economy R- govt should cut taxes and reduce regulation to encourage businesses to produce more which increases economic growth. |
| medicare | federal program that provides health insurance to seniors and disabled, run by fed gov |
| medicaid | federal program that provides health care for the poor, run by fed gov and states |
| how does the affordable care act illustrate the different ideologies of parties | democrats support it because they believe the government should help provide access to health care and expand coverage to more people republicans oppose because they believe it increases govt involvement in health care and prefer market based solutions. |
| ideological differences between parties when it comes to school vouchers | r- support them cause they believe completion and school choice can improve education d- suppose because they believe they take funding away from public schools and could weaken the public education system |
Created by:
Lilyhowes