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Poverty Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Has poverty increased or decreased in the last 25 years? | Decreased, but people believe that poverty (68%) and homelessness (38%) have increased and they blame the government for it. |
| Is the government responsible for helping poverty? | Many believe that both the federal government (76%) and state/local governments (78%) have a responsibility for addressing poverty |
| Republican View on Poverty | Republicans are more likely than Democrats to cite personal choices as major factors for both poverty (77% vs 49%) and homelessness (77% vs 51%) |
| Democratic View on Poverty | Democrats are more likely than Republicans to cite lack of government support as major factors for both poverty (61% vs 21%) and homelessness (63% vs 26%) |
| Myth No. 1: Poverty happens to other people (actually it can happen to everyone) | Majority of Americans experience poverty firsthand. 59% will spend at least one year below the line while they are 20-75 years old. This happens because of unanticipated events: losing a job, split family, sick, pandemic, etc |
| Myth No. 2: Most of the poor live in inner cities | only 10-15% of the poor live in high poverty neighborhoods. There are more poor Americans living in suburbs |
| Myth No. 3: America's poor can rise from rags to riches with hard work | There is less economic mobility in the U.S than in other wealthy countries. only 1 in 25 poor children can rise from the bottom quintile to the top. In Denmark it is 1 in 6 |
| Myth No. 4: Poverty is the result of individual failure (social policies punish those in poverty instead of helping fix their mistakes) | the real explanation of poverty is a severe structural failure at the economic/political levels. poverty results from an economy that produces more low-wage jobs and a weak social welfare state. 44% of all U.S jobs are low-wage/no benefits. |
| Myth No. 5: America's poor are comparatively well-off | The U.S has one of the most deepest and widespread poverty. The chances of experiencing food insecurity, crime victimization, exposure to environmental toxins, or having unmet healthcare needs are far greater for American poverty than other countries |
| Myth No. 6: Poverty belongs to only minorities | around 42% of poor people are white. |
| Myth No. 7: People in poverty are lazy | people in poverty are often problem solvers with limited resources who may or may not have the knowledge bases, tools, bridging social capital, and transportation to be employed |
| Global Poverty Myth No. 1: there is nothing I can do personally to diminish global poverty | You can! Call your senators and representatives |
| Global Poverty Myth No. 2: poor countries are doomed to remain poor | Mexico, Turkey, and Chile were once considered "irrevocably poor" but are now thriving |
| Global Poverty Myth No. 3: aid to tackle poverty is a waste | The UK government cut its aid to Syria by 69% in 2020 and one impact of this was more than 40,000 children ended up leaving school |
| Global Poverty Myth No. 4: lifting people out of poverty will lead to overpopulation | When there is a higher death rate, there is a higher birthrate rate |
| When did poverty become a true agenda? | Lyndon B. Johnson declared war on poverty in 1964 (poverty was about 19% of the population) and went down to 11% in 1975 |
| Children raised in poverty are...? | less healthy, lower cognitive development, lower school achievement, lower emotional well-being, lower self-esteem, greater chance of delinquency, poverty can beget poverty |
| Other myths associated with poverty | majority of poor are AA (only 1/4), poor do not work (60% of poor homes have 1 worker), poor are trapped in a cycle of poverty (many cycle in and out) |
| How does the Official Poverty Measure (OPM) calculate poverty? | based on pre tax income and the food cost measure (three times the low cost food budget) |
| How does the Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) calculate poverty? | provides a more accurate, comprehensive measure of poverty because it includes cash income plus non cash benefits like SNAP, tax credits, housing vouchers, and other subsidies. it also adjusts for geography |
| What was the poverty rate in 2024? | OPM was 10.6% or 35.9 million people ($31,812 for a family of four). SPM was 12.9% |
| What is Human Capital? | people's knowledge, skills, personality, experiences to do a job well |
| What is Social Capital? | the value derived from positive social networks, trust shared norms that enable communities and individuals to function effectively and achieve goals. this acts as a resource for people to access support and opportunities |
| What is Cultural Capital? | nonfinancial social assets. education, intellect, dress, speech, cultural knowledge that can help promote mobility and convey status |
| What is Social Stratification? | The hierarchical categorization of people into rankings based on factors like race, SES, gender, and other social categories |
| What are the main causes of poverty? Look at notes (2/04 and 2/11) for more details about each | Economic processes and racial/ethnic stratification (2/04) Lack of income/assets, hunger/malnutrition, inequality/marginalization, conflicts, no education, voicelessness/powerlessness, climate, bad healthcare systems, no gov. support, poor public works |
| Poverty rates for race and gender in 2024 | AA: 18.4% Hispanics: 15% Asians: 7.5% white: 7.6% people with disabilities: 20.9% Native Americans: 20.9% Female: 11.6% Male: 9.6% |
| Other causes of poverty | lower employment levels, lower wages, more likely to be a single parent, higher life expectancy, discrimination, women have more interruptions at work which impairs their ability to build up human capital, fatalism, gen. poverty |
| Some global poverty facts | over 40% of the global population is below the poverty line, 8.5% live below the extreme threshold, 1.1 billion people endure multidimension poverty |
| What is multidimensional poverty? | can be defined as a more comprehensive view of poverty that includes other variables in addition to income, including access to safe drinking water, sanitation, healthcare, and education |
| What are the three theories regarding issues around intergenerational poverty? | Family and environmental stress (causes problems and acting out), resources and investments (genetics, value in education, safety, good schools), cultural perspectives (some face less opportunity for upward mobility, share middle class values) |
| What is capability deprivation | capabilities are what allow people to obtain what is intrinsically important to them (food, shelter, education) |
| What is spatial mismatch? | increase in inner city poverty was linked to low skill manufacturing jobs and the deconcentration of employment from central cities to surrounding suburbs |
| What is skill mismatch? | the emergence of the service economy resulted in lack of well-paying jobs that match the skills of inner city residents |
| What do we use instead of the term, welfare? | now called Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF). Since 1996 the program is known as Personal Responsibility and Work Act |
| How does TANF and the Personal Responsibility and Work Act work? | Assistance to families for care of children Promotes jobs, working, and marriage less single/unwanted babies (2 parent family) 5 years max (some states shorter), must seek work or go to school or have a job that still allows for the benefits |
| Themes of Nickel and Dimed | all jobs require skill Many people need more than 1 job to survive The more poor you are the more constrained your mobility is The poor can see the affluent in TV and magazines and social media, but the affluent rarely see the poor |
| What is personal stigma? | personal view that poverty is shameful |
| What is societal stigma? | societies view that poverty is shameful |
| What is affirmative action? | created to end discrimination that can lead to poverty, ended in some states so this does not help minorities |
| Where does stigma occur? | Grocery stores Public health clinics Employment offices Schools |
| How do they manage stigma? | denial, distancing themselves from others on welfare, blaming external forces, extolling the importance of motherhood |
| Impacts of poverty on children | Physical health Mental health Cognitive abilities School achievement Rates of teen pregnancy speak less/hear less words from parents |
| Impacts of poverty on children: physical health and malnutrition | iron deficient, diarrhea, blind, low birth weight, lead poisoning, stunted growth, learning disabilities, Behavioral issues, kidney problems |
| Impacts of poverty on adults | Work in more dangerous situations Live in unsafe neighborhoods Homes near toxins Less likely to marrying good prospects Higher rates of depression Higher levels of aggressive interactions Higher levels of marital stress |
| Parental Stress and Mental Health | Less nurturing and displays of warmth Maternal stress and depression/impacts kids More authorization styles of parenting, less nurturing and warmth, harsher discipline Increase in abuse and neglect due to stress More emotional stress |
| How does SES shape brain development? | Impacts parts of brain where language and reading are processed, where spatial knowledge exists, pattern recognition and mental imagery, learning and memory |
Created by:
Kendalwebb07