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2.2 Vicab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| alleles | Alleles: Different versions or variants of a specific gene. |
| autosomes | Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome (pairs 1–22 in humans). |
| Centromere | The region of a chromosome where two sister chromatids are joined. |
| chromatid | One of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome. |
| chromosome | A structure made of DNA and protein that carries genetic information. |
| deletion mutation | A mutation where a part of a DNA sequence is lost or removed. |
| DNA | The molecule that carries the genetic instructions for all living things. |
| DNA Primer | A short nucleic acid sequence that provides a starting point for DNA synthesis. |
| dominant allele | An allele that expresses its trait even if only one copy is present. |
| eukaryotic | Cells that contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. |
| Familial Hypercholesterolemia | A genetic disorder causing dangerously high LDL cholesterol levels. |
| frameshift mutation | An insertion or deletion that shifts the "reading frame" of the genetic message. |
| gene | A specific unit of heredity; a segment of DNA that codes for a protein. |
| genome | The complete set of genetic material in an organism. |
| genotype | The actual genetic makeup of an organism (the specific alleles it has). |
| gel electrophoresis | A lab technique used to separate DNA fragments by size. |
| heterozygous | Having two different alleles for a particular gene (e.g., $Aa$). |
| homologous chromosomes | A pair of chromosomes (one from each parent) with the same gene sequences. |
| homozygous | Having two identical alleles for a particular gene (e.g., $AA$ or $aa$). |
| insertion mutation | A mutation where one or more extra nucleotides are added to a DNA sequence. |
| karyotype | A visual display of a complete set of an individual's chromosomes. |
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | A molecule that carries genetic "blueprints" from DNA to ribosomes for protein building. |
| mitosis | The process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells. |
| mutation | Any change or error in the DNA sequence of an organism. |
| nondisjunction | The failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division. |
| nucleotides | The basic building blocks (A, T, C, G) of DNA and RNA. |
| pedigree | A diagram showing the occurrence and appearance of phenotypes of a particular gene across generations. |
| phenotype | The observable physical characteristics or traits of an organism. |
| point mutation | A genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted, or deleted. |
| polymerase chain reaction | A lab technique used to make millions of copies of a specific DNA segment. |
| protein | Large molecules made of amino acids that perform most functions in a cell. |
| protein synthesis | The multi-step process where cells build proteins based on DNA instructions. |
| punnett square | A grid used to predict the possible genotypes of offspring from a genetic cross. |
| recessive allele | An allele that only expresses its trait when two copies are present ($aa$) |
| restriction enzyme | A protein that acts like "scissors" to cut DNA at specific sequences. |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | A single-stranded nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis and gene regulation. |
| sex chromosomes | Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual (X and Y). |
| silent mutation | A mutation that changes a DNA codon but does not change the resulting amino acid. |
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