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Anatomy 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What shape does our lens have? What is the importance of our lens? | Rounded, biconvex crystal structure Main focusing apparatus of the eye that divides it into two chambers Focuses light on the retina |
| Where are rods and cones located? | Inner neutral layer of retina |
| What is the difference between our sclera and cornea? | Sclera - white connective tissue layer (white of eye) Cornea - transparent anterior portion that allows light to pass through and repairs itself easily |
| What is the only human tissue that can be transplanted without rejection? | Cornea |
| What do tarsal glands do? | They produce an oily secretion that lubricates the eye |
| What gland is responsible for our tears? | Lacrimal gland |
| What is the conjuctiva? | Membrane that lines the eyelids and eyeball while secreting mucus to lubricate eye and keep it moist Connects with transparent cornea |
| What is the function of the choroid layer? | It is a blood-rich nutritive layer that contains pigment that prevents light from scattering |
| Which vision disorder is caused by a cloudy lens? | Cataracts |
| Which part of the eye has the greatest visual acuity | Fovea centralis |
| What does the pigmented layer of the retina do? | It absorbs light and prevents it from scattering |
| What do rods allow us to see and provide? | Allows us to see in dim light and have peripheral vision |
| What do vitreous and aqueous solution provide? | Maintain pressure of eye |
| What is the ciliary body? What is it attached to? | It is attached to the lens by suspensory ligaments and is a smooth muscle structure |
| What is accommodation? | Changing shape of lens: The lens must change shape to focus on closer objects that are less than 20 ft away |
| What occurs at the optic chiasma? | Location where the optic nerves cross |
| What is binocular vision? | Depth perception (three-dimensional vision) |
| What is astigmatism? | When images are blurry as a result of light focusing as lines instead of points on the retina because of unequal curvatures on cornea/lens |
| What is myopia? | Near sightedness; when distant objects appear blurry |
| What is the reflective movement of both eyes medially to view objects close to us? | Convergence |
| Objects received by the retina will travel in a path. What is the path order? | Optic nerve --> optic chiasma --> optic tract --> thalamus --> optic radiation --> optic cortex in occipital lobe of brain |
| What is the photo pupillary reflex? | Bright light causes pupils to constrict |
| How do you identify myopia? | Eye exam that examines if eye is too long or distant things appear blurry |
| How do you identify gluacoma? | Eye exam that examines eye pressure Progessive disease that damages optic nerve leading to blindness or damage to sight |
| How do you identify strabismus? | Eye exam that examines the alignment of the eyes Crossed/wandering eyes |
| How do you identify color blindness? | By seeing which cones types are missing through specialized color tests |
| How do you identify conjunctivitis? (pink eye) | By examining the eye through redness, discharge, crusting, irritation, swelling, etc. |
| How do you identify presbyopia? | By examining the eye through testing close-up vision and seeing if the pupils dilate, lens is discolored, etc. Decline in ability to focus on objects due to age |
| Which structures belong in the outer ear? | Auricle External acoustic meatus Ceremonious glands |
| Which structures belong in the inner ear? | Cochlea Vestibule Semicircular canals Bony labyrinth Fluid filled Equilibrium receptors Otoliths |
| Which structures belong in the middle ear? | Pharyngotympanic tube Ossicles Tympanic membrane Oval and round windows |
| Hair cells that function as hearing receptors are located within what? | Spiral organ of corti |
| What is the correct order of the ossicles? | Malleus, incus, stapes (Hammer, anvil, stirrup) |
| An ear infection following an illness such a as a cold can pass from the throat through the pharyngotympanic tub to what general area of the ear | Middle ear |
| What makes up the bony labyrinth in the inner ear? | Perilymph, cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals s |
| Dynamic equilibrium receptors that detect information about angular or rotational movements of the head are housed where? | Ampulla of each semicircular canal Crista ampullaris |
| What are otoliths? | Tiny stones that float in gel around hair cells; movement rolls and bends hair cells |
| Where are static equilibrium receptors located? | Vestibule |
| Our sense of static equilibrium is created by what? | Movement of otoliths rolling and bending hair cells |
| What are the 3 types of deafness? Which option do hearing aids help with? | Conduction (hearing aids) Sensorineural Menieres |
| What type of chemoreceptors are responsible for our taste and smell? | Olfactory receptors |
| Where are the olfactory receptors located? | Roof of nasal cavity |
| The small, peg like projections of the tongues surface are called what? | Papillae |
| What receptors cells respond to chemicals dissolved in saliva? | Gustatory hairs |
| List the 5 taste sensations | Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami |
| What sense requires the most learning? | Vision |
| What is it called when your ear ossicles fuse together? | Ostoclerosis |
| What happens to our lens as we age? | Their elasticity decreases causing presbyopia (difficulty focusing for close vision) Discoloration |
| How are smell and taste similar? | They respond to many of the same stimuli |
| Where are taste buds located? | tongue, soft palate, superior part of pharynx, cheeks |
| What cranial nerves carry impulses to gustatory complex | Facial, glossopharnygeal, vagus |
| Are taste buds replaced frequently? | Yes, by basal cells |
| What does each taste sensation respond to? | Sweet - sugar, saccharine, some amino acids Sour - H+ or acids Bitter - alkaloids Salty - metal Umami - amino acid glutamate or beefy taste of meat |
| What can maternal infections during early stages of pregnancy cause? | Abnormalities and sensorineural deafness |
| What do infants have at birth | poor visual acuity (farsighted) and lack of color vision and death perception |
| When does eye grow/mature | 8 or 9 |
| What do congenital ear problems result from | Missing pinnas and closed or missing external acoustic meatuses |
| What are the 5 special senses | Smell, taste, sight, hearing, equilibrium |
| Where are 10 percent of all receptors | Eyes |
| Accessory structures | Eyelids, conjuctiva, lacrimal apparatus, extrinsic eye muscles |
| Where are ciliary glands located | Between eyelashes |
| Light is bent/refracted by | Cornea, aqueous, vitreous, lens |
| Real images are... | Reversed from left to right Upside down Smaller than object |
| Emmetropia | Good vision |
| Long eyeballs | Mytopia |
| Accomodation pupillary reflex | Pupils constrict to close objects |
| External ear is involved in | Collecting sound waves |
| Middle ear is involved in | Sense of hearing, equalizing pressure so eardrum can vibrate |
| Internal ear is involved in | Hearing and balance |
| Pharyngotympanic tube is aka | Eustachian tube |
| Receptors in ears are | Mechanoreceptors |
| Ear houses which two senses | Hearing and equilibrium |
| Tympanic membrane is aka | Ear drum |
| Vibrations travel which path | Hammer, anvil, stirrup, oval window |
| Smallest bone in body is | Stapes (stirrup) |
| Equilibrium receptors of inner ears are also called | Vestibular apparatus |
| Vestibular apparatus branches | Static and dynamic equilibrium |
| Which branch helps keep head erect and send info via vestibular nerve | Static |
| Which branch responds to angular or rotational movements and has hair cells with cupula | Dynamic |
| Where are hair cells embedded | Otolithic membrane |
| Hearing receptors are what | Hair cells on basilar membrane |
| Where spiral organ of corti located | Cochlear duct |
| If you hear a high pitched sound are receptor cells closer or farther from oval window stimulated | Closer |
| Cochlear nerve is responsible for what | Communication |
| What do ossicles do to sound | Amplify it |
| Pathway of vibrations from sound waves | oval window, eardrum, ossicles |
| Tears drain in what path | Canaliculi, sac, duct, cavity |
| Tears contain | Salt, mucus, antibodies, lysozyme (anti bacteria) |
| How many extrinsic eye muscles are there and what are they responsible for | 6, gross eye movements |
| Functions of tears | Cleanse, protect, moisten, lubricate |
| Define humors | Fluids that fill interior of eyeball |
| Three layers/tunics that form wall of eyeball | Fibrous, vascular, sensory |
| What is the iris responsible for | Pigmenting eye and regulating the amount of light entering |
| What is the rounded opening in the iris called | Pupil |
| What is the optic disc | Blind spot where you can't see images where optic nerves leave eyeball |
| Define rods | Edge of retina, dim light, gray tones, peripheral vision |
| Define cones | Detailed color vision, center of retina, fovea centralis |
| Fovea centralis | Area of retina with only cones where visual acuity is |
| Aqueous humor | Water fluid between lens and cornea that provides them with nutrients |
| Vitreous humor | Gel like substance posterior to lens that prevents collapse and maintains pressure |
| Define opthalmoscope | Instrument used to illuminate interior of the eyeball and fundus (posterior wall) Detects diabetes, areriosclerosis, degeneration of nerve and retina |
Created by:
serenitylockard