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Chapter 9: cells
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| elements | any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. |
| compounds | when 2 or more elements chemically combine. |
| organic compounds | : carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Organic compounds must contain carbon. |
| inorganic compounds | water. Inorganic compounds DO NOT contain carbon. |
| carbohydrates | energy rich organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Items that have sugar and starches would be carbohydrates. Examples: potatoes, pasta, rice, and bread. |
| lipids | Fats, oils, and waxes. Examples: whole milk, ice cream, and fried foods. |
| proteins | large organic molecules made mostly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. Examples: meat, dairy, fish, nuts, beans. |
| enzymes | a group of proteins that helps speed up chemical reactions in living things. |
| nucleic acids | Long organic compounds made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Nucleic acids contain the instructions that carry out all the functions of life. |
| DNA | The genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring. Double Helix: Shape of the DNA molecule |
| cells | The basic unit of structure and function in living things |
| microscope | An instrument used to make small objects look larger. |
| cell theory | A widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things. |
| 2 types of microscopes | Compound Microscope, and electron microscope |
| compound microscope | Focuses light through lenses to produce a magnified image, using two lenses. |
| electron microscope | : Using beams of electrons to produce a magnified image. |
| magnification | The condition of things appearing larger then they are, using convex lenses (center is thicker than the edges) |
| resolution | The ability to see to details more clearly, the higher the resolution the sharper the image. |
| passive transport | When materials go in and out of the cell WITHOUT using energy. |
| diffusion | The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
| osmosis | The movement of WATER molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| selectively permeable | means some substances can cross the membrane while others cannot. |
| active transport | When materials go in and out of the cell using energy. |
| endocytosis | The cell changes shape and engulfs the particle. |
| exocytosis | The reverse process, which allows large particles to exit the cell. |
| water in cells | Water is needed for most chemical reactions in cells |
| A | All living things are composed of cells |
| B | Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things |
| C | All cells are produced from other cells |
| interphase | Chromosomes are copied (# doubles) • Chromosomes appear as threadlike coils (chromatin) at the start, but each chromosome and its copy (sister chromosome) change to sister chromatids at end of this phase |
| prophase | Mitosis begins (cell begins to divide) • Centrioles (or poles) appear and begin to move to opposite ends of cell • Spindle fibers form between the poles |
| metaphase | Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) attach to the spindle fibers |
| anaphase | Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell |
| telophase | Two new nuclei form • Chromosomes appear as chromatin (threads rather than rods) • Mitosis ends |
| cytokinesis | Cell membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells - each with its own nucleus with identical chromosomes |
| rule 1 | Must be made of Cells |
| rule 2 | Must be organized: Organization – cells specialize to perform specific functions. Levels: cells make tissue, tissue makes organs, organs make organ systems, organ systems make organisms. |
| rule 3 | Types of organisms: multicellular - made of many specialized cells unicellular – made of only 1 cell |
| rule 4 | Homeostasis - organism’s response to the environment that keeps conditions suitable for life |
| rule 5 | Growth and Development |
| rule 6 | reproduction |
| asexual | all or part of the organism is used to make a new organism, offspring are genetically identical to parent |
| sexual | two cells from different individuals combine to form the first cells of a new organism, traits are inherited from both parents |
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