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Microbio L9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pathogens can cause | infectious disease |
| Pathogen IS NOT | the disease itself |
| True pathogen: | can cause disease in a healthy host |
| Opportunistic pathogen: | only cause disease in weakened host (microbiota disruption, immune weakening) |
| Host: | Organism targeted by a pathogen |
| Infection: | Establishment of microbes in a host DOES NOT equal disease |
| Endemic | localized presence of disease that is normal in that area (MALARIA IN AFRICA) |
| Epidemic | outbreak of disease above normal levels, contained to a region (HIV) |
| Pandemic | large scale outbreak of disease outside of normal region of presence (COVID-19) |
| Reservoir: | normal habitat of a pathogen Can be inanimate, or animate Usually show no signs of illness |
| Source: | what brings that pathogen to the host |
| Example of reservoir and source | The reservoir for botulism is soil, but the source is canned vegetables |
| Direct transmission | Person to person Animal Environment Vertical (mother to child) |
| Indirect transmission | Airborne Vehicle (contaminated objects like a dirty doorknob) Vector (biological, is a part of its life cycle) Vector (mechanical, hitches a ride) |
| Infectivity | How good a pathogen is at spreading Ex: measles vs influenza vs rabies |
| Pathogenicity | How good a pathogen is at causing illness Ex: Paralytic polio vs norovirus |
| Virulence | how severe is the illness Ex: Ebola vs CoV-2 vs common colds |
| 5 Stages of Infection | 1. Incubation period 2. Prodromal phase 3. Acute phase 4. Declined period 5. Convalescent |
| Incubation period | Infection just establish, low pathogen load, no symptoms Length depends on pathogen, could be hours or years |
| Prodromal phase | Pathogen load slightly rising, early symptoms |
| Acute phase | Peak of pathogen load, peak of symptoms (clinical) Could by asymptomatic (subclinical) When pathogen load is high, but no symptoms Dangerous: could unknowingly spread disease ****NORMALLY WHERE SYMPTOMS HAPPEN, BUT NOT 100% OF THE TIME**** |
| Decline period | Pathogen load decreased treatments/immunity get it under control, symptoms decrease Not all the time!! Some patients could die in acute |
| Convalescent phase | Recovery, symptoms go away Sometimes pathogen is eliminated Sometimes latent!! |
| Epidemiology | Study of disease in a population |
| Goals of epidemiology are: | Identify and describe the pathogen and the extent of disease Develop interventions to protect the population |
| 3 areas that influence the disease and goals | Etiological agent Host factors Environmental factors |
| Epidemiological Interventions Education campaigns | Like an epidemiologist educating doctors on what to do about a certain disease Example: vaccination campaigns |
| Epidemiological Interventions Quarantine: | Confinement from public Animals and humans Disease with short incubation -If healthy, release -If sick, maintain and monitor |
| Epidemiological Interventions Vector control | Example: mosquito control (pesticides, nets, water removal) |
| Morbidity | how much disease is in a given population |
| Prevalence | total number of cases |
| Incidence | total number of NEW cases |
| Associative Measurements | What is associated with a given disease? Example- diet, age, location, habits Patient in the Northeast presents with joint pain and fatigue |
| Mortality: | how many people die while having a disease Not sure if the disease killed them or not |
| Clinical Epidemiology | Goal: preventing healthcare-acquired infections (HAIs) 5-10% of acute stay patients develop an HAI |
| Reportable Diseases: | reported up by healthcare providers to alert national agencies of potential outbreaks Then national agencies report down to alert other regions/hospitals of potential dangers |
| Emerging Diseases: | new or newly identified diseases in human populations |
| Reemerging diseases: | disease that was previously under control that has now gained increased incidence |
| Eradication | Goal is to eradicate (eliminate) an infectious disease |
| Eradication is possible if | identifiable, preventable, only in humans Done with smallpox Close with polio and guinea worm Ethical considerations! |
| Herd Immunity | when a sufficient amount of population is immune to disease, the pathogen can’t be established itself |
Created by:
liladdoyle