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Mammography
breast pathology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| - Abnormalities or irregularities in the development or structure of the breast - Can be present at birth, congenital or can be developed in later life | Breast anomalies |
| Significant differences in the size or shape of the two breasts - Types? | Breast asymmetry : size asymmetry, shape asymmetry, positional asymmetry |
| - ___ asymmetry: one breast is noticeably larger or smaller than the other (extreme differences: can be considered anomaly especially if accompanied by symptoms | Size |
| - ___ asymmetry: one breast has different shape or has different contour compared to other - ___ asymmetry: Breast must sit lower than the other | Shape : Positional |
| - Occurs when the nipple is turned inward or hidden instead of protruding outward - Refers to a condition where the nipple is permanently or semi permanently turned inward, rather than protruding outward | Inverted nipple |
| Mommies with inverted nipples have difficulties in breastfeeding. - a condition that can be present at ____ (congenital nipple inversion) | birth |
| GRADES OF NIPPLE INVERSION - The nipple is retracted but can be easily pulled out and often remains protruded with gentle stimulation or pulling | Grade 1 (Mild) Partial Inversion |
| GRADES OF NIPPLE INVERSION - Usually not associated with any underlying pathology and can be self corrected - Person can easily pull out the nipple and it remains its projection | Grade 1 (Mild) Partial Inversion |
| GRADES OF NIPPLE INVERSION - The nipple can be pulled out but tends to invert again shortly after being released. | Grade 2 Moderate Inversion |
| GRADES OF NIPPLE INVERSION - More persistent and may require intervention if it causes issues (e.g., difficulty in breastfeeding) - It can be pulled out, but not easily, and it still tends to invert | Grade 2 Moderate Inversion |
| GRADES OF NIPPLE INVERSION - The nipple is completely retracted and cannot be pulled out manually. | Grade 3 Severe Inversion |
| GRADES OF NIPPLE INVERSION - Can be associated with fibrotic tissue or shorter milk ducts - Needs surgical correction | Grade 3 Severe Inversion |
| GRADES OF NIPPLE INVERSION - The nipple is not inverted? - The nipple can easily be pulled out and will stay out? | Protruding nipple : Grade 1 |
| GRADES OF NIPPLE INVERSION - The nipple can be pulled out but retracts back after you let it go? - The nipple is completely inverted and cannot be pulled out at all, even with pressure? - surgical procedure for creating a nipple? | Grade 2 : Grade 3 : Nipple reconstruction |
| Refer to the presence of one or more additional nipples, typically along the milk line, which runs from the armpits to the groin area | Accessory nipples (Supernumerary nipples or polythelia) |
| ACCESSORY NIPPLES - Formed during embryonic development when ___ ___ from which the nipple develops, they do not fully regress. - It results from a developmental anomaly during _________ | milk lines : embryogenesis |
| Refers to extra breast tissue that can form along the milk line | Accessory breast tissue |
| - presence of more than 2 breast - Fully formed additional breast tissue - Extra fully developed breast | Polymastia |
| It appears in the armpits or along the sides of the chest but can also be found in the lower abdomen or groin area | Accessory breast tissue |
| - May appear as small lumps or tissue that feels similar to breast tissue - Extra breast tissue which is not fully developed into functioning breast - Extra underdeveloped breast | Accessory breast tissue |
| Noticeable differences or abnormalities in the breast tissue that can be detected during ____________, clinical examinations or screening procedures like mammograms. | self-examinations |
| - Are masses or growths in the breast tissue that can vary in size, texture and mobility - These are the most common breast changes and can be either benign or malignant | Breast lumps |
| COMMON TYPES OF BREAST LUMPS - these are fluid-filled sacs that can fluctuate in size with hormonal changes related to the menstrual cycle - Tends to be smooth, round and movable | Cysts |
| CYSTS - More common in women age____ years old and may fluctuate in size with menstrual cycle | 35-50 |
| COMMON TYPES OF BREAST LUMPS - solid, benign tumors that are typically round and firm - Can move easily under the skin - Common in younger women and can be diagnosed between ages _____ | Fibroadenomas : 15-35 |
| COMMON TYPES OF BREAST LUMPS - condition involves lumpiness or a rope-like texture felt in the breast tissue, often accompanied by tenderness - Usually occurs in women around _____ years - Can change in hormonal fluctuations | Fibrocystic changes : 20-50 |
| COMMON TYPES OF BREAST LUMPS - are soft, benign lumps made up of fat tissue and are usually not painful | Lipomas |
| COMMON TYPES OF BREAST LUMPS - usually hard, irregularly shaped and may be fixed in one place | Cancerous lumps |
| Refers to a change in the consistency or texture of breast tissue, which can feel denser or more firm than usual | Breast thickening |
| COMMON CAUSE OF BREAST THICKENING - Fluctuations related to menstruation, pregnancy/menopause can lead to temporary thickening of breast tissue - Breast tissue becomes ____ before menstruation because of high estrogen and progesterone levels | Hormonal changes : swollen/tender |
| COMMON CAUSE OF BREAST THICKENING - the body undergoes many hormonal shifts that cause breast tissue to become fuller, more tender and sometimes thicker | Pregnancy and Lactation |
| COMMON CAUSE OF BREAST THICKENING (PREGNANCY AND LACTATION) - Also called ____ changes especially when a woman is breastfeeding - Can cause thickening due to increased blood flow & __ __ __ in preparation for milk production (for lactation) | postpartum : glandular tissue formation |
| COMMON CAUSE OF BREAST THICKENING - an infection that can cause swelling, redness, pain and localized thickening of the breast tissue - Abscess with a pocket pus that can form and can cause swelling in the localized area | Breast infection or Mastitis |
| COMMON CAUSE OF BREAST THICKENING - benign solid tumor made up of glandular and fibrous tissue - Can cause localized breast thickening (not whole breast) | Fibroadenomas |
| COMMON CAUSE OF BREAST THICKENING - invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) can lead to areas of thickening or hardening in the breast tissue - Also called IDCA (Invasive ductal carcinoma) | Breast cancer |
| COMMON CAUSE OF BREAST THICKENING - certain medications, including hormone replacement therapy and oral contraceptives, can cause breast tissue to thicken due to their effects on hormone levels | Medication side effects |
| Refers to an increase in the size or volume of the breast, which may occur suddenly or gradually | Breast swelling |
| Breast swelling can be accompanied by ___, ___, or changes in the shape or appearance of the breast - Common issue that can result from a variety of causes both benign or more serious issue | tenderness, discomfort |
| COMMON CAUSE OF BREAST SWELLING - menstrual cycle, pregnancy and menopause ? - engorgement and mastitis(When breast is overfilled with milk, they become solid) ? | Hormonal changes : breastfeeding |
| COMMON CAUSE OF BREAST SWELLING - abscess - Localized collection of pus within the breast tissue - Can also cause significant swelling and pain | Infection |
| COMMON CAUSE OF BREAST SWELLING - fibrocystic changes ? - trauma ? - hormone therapy ? | cysts : injury : medication |
| An area of the breast that feels denser or firmer than the surrounding tissue - Can be localized to one specific area | Breast thickening |
| Refers to an overall increase in size and volume of the breast tissue - It can affect one or both breast and usually accompanied with tenderness and discomfort | Breast swelling |
| Refers to an area of the breast that appear sunken or have uneven texture, often resembling a skin of an orange - Can also occur due to noncancerous conditions where fatty tissue of the breast is damaged | Dimpling (peau d'orange) |
| Appearance of small indentations or puckering on the skin of the breast, which can create a dimpled or uneven surface - Can be a sign of inflammatory breast cancer (rare but very aggressive) | Dimpling (peau d'orange) |
| COMMON CAUSE OF DIMPLING - rare but aggressive type of breast cancer can block the lymph vessels in the skin, causes swelling, redness and skin dimpling | Inflammatory breast cancer |
| COMMON CAUSE OF DIMPLING - non-cancerous condition where the fatty tissue in the breast is damaged - Can occur after breast surgery, injury or after radiation therapy | Fat necrosis |
| COMMON CAUSE OF DIMPLING - type of breast cancer that starts in the milkproducing gland | Lobular breast cancer |
| COMMON CAUSE OF DIMPLING - most common type of breast cancer, which usually forms a lump that can pull on the surrounding tissue and cause dimpling | Invasive ductal carcinoma |
| Refers to any discomfort, redness, rash or inflammation affecting the skin of the breast | Skin irritation |
| COMMON CAUSE OF SKIN IRRITATION - skin care products and fabrics ? - fungal infections (yeast infection), bacterial infection (mastitis), especially in moist under areas of the breast ? | Allergic reactions : Infections |
| COMMON CAUSE OF SKIN IRRITATION - ___ can cause dry, inflamed or crack skin which can be irritating and can cause discomfort - ___ is a chronic condition where it causes flaky and scaly patches on the skin including the breast area | Eczema and dermatitis : Psoriasis |
| COMMON CAUSE OF SKIN IRRITATION - Hormonal changes - Breast cancer (less common): _____ ____ ___ A rare form of breast cancer that can cause redness, swelling, warmth or skin irritation around the breast | IBC or inflammatory breast cancer |
| Refers to discomfort or tenderness in one or both breasts - It can vary in intensity, duration and cause, and may be described as sharp, burning or heaviness | Breast pain (mastalgia) |
| TYPES OF BREAST PAIN - This is typically related to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle - It occurs 2 weeks before menstruation (Premenstrual syndrome or PMS) - It goes away once the menstruation begins | Cyclic pain |
| TYPES OF BREAST PAIN - not related to menstrual cycle - hormonal imbalances (pregnancy, menopause, birth control), fibrocystic breast changes, infections, abscesses, injury or trauma, or musculoskeletal issue | Non-cyclic pain |
| Refers to the fluid released by one or both nipple which can occur spontaneously or when nipple is squeezed | Nipple discharge |
| TYPES OF NIPPLE DISCHARGE - Usually often associated with pregnancy, breastfeeding or hormonal changes (can also occur in non-pregnant women due to hormonal imbalances or use of birth control) | Clear or milky discharge |
| TYPES OF NIPPLE DISCHARGE - typically sign of infection, such as mastitis or an abscess - This may indicate that there is a presence of clogged milk ducts especially if the women is breastfeeding | Yellow or green discharge |
| TYPES OF NIPPLE DISCHARGE - can be linked to conditions like benign breast tumor or rarely, breast cancer - Should be evaluated by the healthcare provider | Bloody or pink discharge |
| TYPES OF NIPPLE DISCHARGE - may occur if there is old blood, often from benign condition like a cyst or ductal changes | Brown or black discharge |
| CAUSES OF DISCHARGE | Pregnancy and lactation Hormonal imbalances Breast infections Fibrocystic breast changes Ductal disorders (intraductal papillomas) Medications (anti-depressant, anti-psychotics) Breast cancer |
| WHEN TO SEEK MEDICAL ADVICE? - If the discharge is ____ (without squeezing the nipple), especially if it's ____. - If it occurs in only 1 breast/1 nipple - If the discharge is accompanied by symptoms like a lump, pain/changes in the breast ___ | spontaneous : bloody/clear : shape/size |
| Refers to physical alterations in the appearance of the nipple and surrounding area (areola) on the breast | Nipple retraction and areola changes |
| - Refers to a condition where the nipple is pulled inward, rather than sticking out - This can develop later in life and might signal an underlying health issue | Nipple retraction |
| - Nipple is protruding? - Nipple is inverted towards the breast? | Unretracted Nipple : Retracted Nipple |
| - Can be a result of underlying condition or disease such as infection, benign or even cancer - Tends to be more pronounced and may involve pulling in of surrounding tissue - A possible indicator that required medical attention | Retraction |
| - Natural or congenital trait - Nipple lang ang pulling inward - More about anatomical variation that you are born with | Inversion |
| CAUSES AND CONDITIONS LINKED TO NIPPLE RETRACTION - Aging - ___ ____ ____: this benign condition occurs most commonly during perimenopause and involves the milk ducts widening and thickening - ___: transitional phase before menopause | Mammary duct ectasia : Perimenopause |
| CAUSES AND CONDITIONS LINKED TO NIPPLE RETRACTION - ___ ___: A rare, cancerous condition that affects the nipple and areola - Carcinoma | Paget’s disease |
| Refers to the swelling or fluid retention in the breast tissue, causing the breasts to feel heavy, tender, or swollen - Occurs when there is an excess fluid that accumulates in the tissue of the breast that leads to build up of edema | Breast edema |
| COMMON CAUSES OF BREAST EDEMA | Hormonal changes Pregnancy and breastfeeding Infections Cysts Breast cancer Lymphatic obstruction |
| Refers to the redness or inflammation of the breast skin - It typically occurs when the blood vessels near the surface of the skin become dilated, causing the area to appear red or flushed | Erythema |
| COMMON CAUSES OF ERYTHEMA | Infection Inflammatory breast cancer Skin irritation Breast trauma Radiation therapy Hormonal changes Systemic Inflammatory Conditions (lupus/cellulitis) |
| These are medical devices that are surgically placed under the breast tissue or chest muscle to enhance the size, shape, or symmetry of the breast | Breast implants |
| TYPES OF BREAST IMPLANTS - these implants are filled with sterile saline (salt water) - Requires small incisions | Saline implants |
| TYPES OF BREAST IMPLANTS -These are inserted empty and filled to the desired size during the procedure; if they rupture the contents are safely absorbed by the body (the breast simply deflates), but they are firmer than silicone implants | Saline implants |
| TYPES OF BREAST IMPLANTS - filled with silicone gel that feels more like a natural breast tissue - Requires a slightly larger incision for insertion | Silicone implants |
| TYPES OF BREAST IMPLANTS - Pros: provide a natural look and feel; Cons: if the gel ruptures, it may stay in the implant shell, making it harder to detect. | Silicone implants |
| TYPES OF BREAST IMPLANTS - a type of silicone implant, are made with thicker, more cohesive gel that holds its shape better | Gummy bear implants |
| TYPES OF BREAST IMPLANTS - Less likely to leak or collapse even if the implant shell is damaged, but requires a larger incision for insertion due to the firmer gel consistency and is more expensive. | Gummy bear implants |
| PLACEMENT OF BREAST IMPLANTS - the implants are placed directly under the breast tissue but above the chest muscle | Subglandular |
| PLACEMENT OF BREAST IMPLANTS - the implant is placed beneath the pectoralis major muscle , which covers the implant and provides additional layer of tissue | Submuscular |
| A surgical procedure designed to reduce the size of the breasts by removing excess fat, tissue and skin to alleviate discomfort or to achieve a breast size more proportional to the body | Breast reduction (Reduction mammoplasty) |
| Typically performed for medical, cosmetic or functional reasons - Can provide relief from both physical discomfort and aesthetic concern | Breast reduction (Reduction mammoplasty) |
| Refers to the cut or surgical wound made during breast-related surgery, such as breast augmentation, breast reduction or breast lift | Post-surgical incision |
| COMMON TYPES OF INCISION - around the areola (nipple area) - Common in breast augmentation, breast lift and some of the breast reduction procedures | Periareolar incision |
| COMMON TYPES OF INCISION - Made around the nipple & extending vertically down to breast crease or underneath the breast | Vertical incision (lollipop incision) |
| COMMON TYPES OF INCISION - under the breast - Incision is made in the fold or in the crease under the breast | Inframammary incision |
| COMMON TYPES OF INCISION - It follows the inframammary fold that extends vertically up from the fold and goes around the areola that creates the shape of anchor or T shape | Anchor incision |
| COMMON TYPES OF INCISION - Is commonly used in breast surgeries, especially some breast reductions where much tissue must be removed while aiming to minimize scarring. | Vertical incision (lollipop incision) |
| Refer to any physical or structural changes that can occur in the breast tissue as a result of radiation therapy, which is commonly used to treat breast cancer | Radiation changes |
| These changes can occur during treatment or over time, and they vary depending on factors like the area being treated, dose of radiation, and individual responses to treatment | Radiation changes |
| COMMON RADIATION CHANGES | Skin changes Swelling and soreness Fibrosis Asymmetry Fat necrosis and oil cysts Decrease breast size Radiation-induced breast cancer |
Created by:
yulyae