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Mammography
breast anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The breast is a well-differentiated ____ _____ gland of the same type found in the axilla, groin and elsewhere in the body. | modified apocrine |
| - Also called mammary glands - A specialized version of the typical apocrine sweat glands, which have adapted to perform specific functions in various parts of the body | Modified Apocrine glands |
| MODIFIED APOCRINE GLANDS - Consist of apocrine and eccrine gland - Apocrine: basis of the mammary gland, open into the_____ ____, which then open at the nipple - ________: opens directly to the skin | lactiferous ducts : Eccrine |
| WHAT GLAND - Located in the ear canal - Produces earwax (cerumen), which helps trap dust and foreign particles and protects the eardrum | Ceruminous gland |
| WHAT GLAND - Located in the eyelid, near the eyelashes - Produces sweat-like secretions that help lubricate and protect the eyelid margin | Ciliary gland (glands of Moll) |
| WHAT GLAND - Located in the breast - Undergoes significant growth and functional changes during pregnancy and lactation | Mammary gland |
| Radiographic exam that uses a specialized equipment that uses high contrast resolution | Mammography |
| MALE OR FEMALE? - More prominent and developed mammary gland - Larger size due to greater glandular and fatty tissue | Female breast |
| MALE OR FEMALE? - Poorly developed mammary glands - Contains mostly connective tissue - Smaller size | Male breast |
| MALE OR FEMALE? - Mainly influenced by estrogen and progesterone, which stimulate breast development and changes | Female breast |
| MALE OR FEMALE? - Mainly influenced by testosterone, which limits mammary gland development | Male breast |
| MALE OR FEMALE? - Capable of lactation or breastfeeding after pregnancy | Female breast |
| MALE OR FEMALE? - Do not play a role in lactation | Male breast |
| MALE OR FEMALE? - Nipple and areola are larger and may appear darker, especially during puberty, pregnancy, and lactation | Female breast |
| MALE OR FEMALE? - Smaller and less prominent nipple and areola | Male breast |
| BREAST UNDERGOES DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES which occurs over several stages influenced by ____ and life stages such as _____, ______, and _____. | hormones : puberty : pregnancy : aging |
| FETAL STAGE (EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT) - Around ______ week of gestation, a thickening called _______ _____ or milk line forms in the fetus, which extends from the armpit to groin on each side of the body | 4th -6th : mammary ridge |
| FETAL STAGE (BUD FORMATION) - By the _______ week, the mammary ridge begins to develop into _________ _____ in both male and female fetuses | 7th-8th : mammary buds |
| PUBERTY STAGE - Described using the Tanner stages, named after pediatrician ______ _________, which outline the physical stages of sexual development | James Tanner |
| WHAT TANNER STAGE - No visible breast tissue - Usually seen in 6–9-year-old children - The areola is flat against the chest | Pre-pubertal stage |
| WHAT TANNER STAGE - The first signs of breast development appear as small lumps (breast buds) from under the nipples | Breast bud stage |
| WHAT TANNER STAGE - Commonly occurs between 8–13 years old - Average onset is around 9–10 years old - Often accompanied by the appearance of pubic hair | Breast bud stage |
| WHAT TANNER STAGE - The breast and areola continue to grow, but there is no clear distinction between the two yet - Typical age: 10–14 years | Breast elevation |
| WHAT TANNER STAGE - Average: 11–12 years - Pubic hair becomes darker and spreads, continuing its development | Breast elevation |
| WHAT TANNER STAGE - The areola and nipple form a secondary mound, projecting from the contour of the breast | Nipple and areola mound |
| WHAT TANNER STAGE - Typical age: around 12–14 years, but can vary - The areola becomes more elevated or protruding | Nipple and areola mound |
| WHAT TANNER STAGE - The areola usually returns to the level of the breast contour, with the nipple projecting outward | Mature Stage or Adult Contour |
| TANNER STAGE - Onset usually begins around _________ years old - Male breast bud corresponds to Tanner Stage ___, similar to females - Testosterone suppresses further breast development, so growth usually stops around _______ years old | 11–12 : II 15–17 |
| CYCLIC CHANGES - ______ and _________ lead to swelling, tenderness and sometimes lumpiness as the glands prepare for a potential pregnancy - Changes occur cyclically due to _____ fluctuations | Estrogen, progesterone : hormonal |
| PREGNANCY (RAPID GROWTH) - Breasts enlarge significantly due to ______ estrogen and progesterone levels. - Milk-producing glands (______) expand in preparation for lactation | increased : alveoli |
| LACTATION (MILK PRODUCTION) - Following childbirth, the hormone ______ (lactotropin) stimulates milk production. ______ triggers the “let- down” reflex, allowing milk flow from lobules through the ducts. | prolactin : Oxytocin |
| LACTATION (MILK PRODUCTION) - Oxytocin: Triggers let-down reflex by causing ______ cells to contract, allowing milk to flow from lobules through the ducts | myoepithelial |
| LACTATION (COLOSTRUM PRODUCTION) - Initially, the breasts produce colostrum, a nutrient-rich yellowish fluid that provides essential _____ and ______ to the newborn | antibodies, nutrients |
| The stage in a woman’s life when menstrual cycles permanently stop. | Menopause |
| The period after menstruation has permanently stopped. | Post-menopause |
| The period after menstruation has permanently stopped. | Glandular tissue |
| The breast tissue that shrinks during menopause due to decreased estrogen levels. | Fat tissue |
| Shrinkage of glandular tissue due to less estrogen: | - Reduction in Size and Density - Increased Fat Tissue (as glandular tissue is gradually replaced by fat) - Sagging and Changes in Shape |
| MENOPAUSE/POST-MENOPAUSE - Breasts become ____ and ____ _____ because fat replaces most of the glandular tissue | softer, less firm |
| QUADRANTS OF THE BREAST | Upper Outer quadrant Upper Inner quadrant Lower Outer quadrant Lower Inner quadrant |
| CLOCK/FACE TIME REFERENCES OF THE BREAST | 12 o'clock 3 o'clock 6 o'clock 9 o'clock |
| Specific guide points on the body used in medical practice - Examples? | External landmark: Nipple, axilla, inframammary fold |
| Visible or palpable structures on the surface of the breast - Examples? | External anatomy : Skin, nipple, and areola |
| EXTERNAL ANATOMY - _____: Adjacent/near the chest wall - _____: Adjacent/near the nipple | Base Apex |
| Refers to the border of normal tissue around a tumor that is removed during surgery | Breast margins |
| WHAT BREAST MARGIN - No cancer cells at the outer edge | Negative (Clear) Margins |
| WHAT BREAST MARGIN - Cancer cells are present at the outer edge - Needs more surgery | Positive Margins |
| WHAT BREAST MARGIN - The cancer cells are near but not at the ridge - May or may not call for surgery | Close Margins |
| ______ of the breast refer to anatomical directions and boundaries used when describing the location of the breast tissue or tumors within the breast | Margins |
| - Refers to the upper part of the breast? - Refers to the lower part of the breast? | Superior : Inferior |
| - Refers to the armpit or underarm area? - Refers to the inner or middle part of the breast closest to the sternum? | Axillary : Medial |
| - Smooth circular darkened area surrounding the nipple? - Small glands found on the areola that enlarge during pregnancy? | Areola : Montgomery’s glands (Morgagni’s tubercles) |
| It is a raised, darkened circular extensions with multiple crevices or narrow opening | Nipple |
| NIPPLE - Within the nipple's crevices are ____ orifices (collecting ducts) that transfers milk from the lactiferous ducts | 5-7 |
| The skin covering of the breast is thickest at the ____ of the breast (about ______ thick) and becomes thinner as it approaches the _____ (0.5mm) | base : 2mm : nipple |
| Triangular shaped projection where the breast tissue extends into the lower axilla - Common site of breast cancer | Tail of Spence/Axillary tail of Spence |
| - Also known as the inframammary crease or line - It is a natural fold or crease where the bottom of the breast meets the chest wall | Inframammary fold |
| - Important in breast surgery to achieve symmetry and aesthetic results - Serves as a surgical guide for incisions and implant placement | Inframammary fold |
| WHAT FASCIAL LAYERS - consists of fat and fibrous tissue which helps give the breast its shape and mobility | Superficial Fascia or Camper’s Fascia |
| WHAT FASCIAL LAYERS - layer of dense connective tissue that plays a crucial role in supporting and anchoring the breast to the chest wall | Deep Fascia or Pectoral Fascia |
| WHAT FASCIAL LAYERS - Strong and firm - Relatively fixed to underlying structures, providing stability to the breast | Deep Fascia or Pectoral Fascia |
| The supportive structure of the breast that extends outward attaching to the anterior superficial fascia of the skin | Cooper's ligament |
| - Surround the breast and support glandular tissue - Help maintain the shape and contour of the breast | Cooper's ligament |
| The pendulous presentation when the breast is stretched - Causes: ________ of ligaments (commonly after pregnancy, weight gain, or weight loss) and _________ of supportive tissue | Cooper's droop : Stretching, weakening |
| NOTE - Not all breast sagging is Cooper’s droop - ________ can also occur due to tissue changes, especially from decreased ______ | Sagging : estrogen |
| It is a space formed by a layer of adipose tissue and connective fascia that separates the breast from the pectoralis muscle | Retromammary fat space |
| - Acts as a slippery layer, allowing the breast to slide smoothly over the chest wall - Provides cushioning and mobility | Retromammary fat space |
| Internally, the breast includes a varying mixture of fatty tissue and parenchyma - Components? | - Glandular Components - Lymphatic Networks - Blood Vessels - Connective and Supportive Stroma |
| GLANDULAR PARENCHYMA (GLANDULAR TISSUE) - It consists of ______ lobes that extends from the nipple in a _____ pattern where the ductal flow will follow | 15-20 : radial |
| LOBES AND DUCTAL STRUCTURES - Each 15–20 lobes contains a _____ pattern of ductal structures - There are ___ layers of epithelial cells that lines the lumen of the ducts - Beneath the epithelial layer is a layer of _____________ | treelike : 2 : myoepithelium |
| LOBES AND DUCTAL STRUCTURES - Extending from the nipple orifice, the duct starts as a ______ _____ that immediately widens into the___________ _____ (ampulla), it is a pouch-like structure that again narrows as it joins one or more segmental duct | collecting duct : lactiferous sinus : |
| - It is the minute (1 to 2 mm) portion of the duct the holds the milk-producing elements of the breast - A single lobe contains many of these | Lobules |
| -It is a small duct just outside and leading to the lobule? - It is a small duct inside the lobule? | Extralobular Terminal Duct : Intralobular Terminal Duct |
| - Located at the end of the intralobular duct - It is a blind ending to the ductal pattern corresponding to acinus | Terminal Ductules |
| - These are sac-like, milk producing unit of the breast - The functional units of the breast where milk is produced. | Acini |
| ACINI - The cells within the ____ secrete milk into small ducts, which then carry it through the ______ _____ and larger milk ducts to the nipple - ___ and _____ stimulate growth of acini - ___ stimulates milk production | acini : terminal ductules : Estrogen, progesterone : Prolactin |
| - is the critical hub of the functioning breast and is responsible for milk production and hormonal and nutritional exchange. | Terminal Duct Lobular Unit |
| - Starts from extralobular terminal duct → acini - Most of the pathology arise from TDLU | Terminal Duct Lobular Unit |
| ___ → Lobules → Terminal ductules → Intralobular duct → Extralobular duct → Segmental duct → _____ ____ → Lactiferous duct → Nipple | Acini : Lactiferous sinus |
| The TDLU is composed of: - ___ ___ __: The small duct just outside the lobule that leads into it. - ___ ___ ___: The duct inside lobule. - ___ ___: Smaller ducts that branch from intralobular duct. - ____: Milk-producing sacs at ends of the ductules. | Extralobular terminal duct : Intralobular terminal duct : Terminal ductules : Acinus (Acini) |
Created by:
yulyae