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Topic 4
BIOL 213 topic 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| mechanisms of evolutionary change | drift and selection |
| genetic drift | evolution by random change |
| what is the net result of genetic drift | random change in allele frequencies, just due to change |
| what causes random change is allele frequencies | genetic drift |
| drift is ____, not _____ | statistics, biology |
| what results from random sample error | genetic drift |
| there is more sample error in | smaller pops |
| drift tends to reduce variation ____ pops | within |
| drift tends to ____ variation within pops | reduce |
| drift tends to increase variation ____ pops | between |
| drift tends to _____ variation between pops | increase |
| drift is _____ in small pops | stronger |
| drift is _____ in larger pops | weaker |
| bottleneck | temporary reduction in pop size, leading to genetic drift |
| term for temporary reduction in pop size, leading to genetic drift | bottleneck |
| over time ____ vs ____ even out | luck vs unlcuk |
| what can happen post bottleneck | decreases genetic variation as drift becomes a strong evolutionary force, genetic variation may be permanently lost |
| founder effect | bottleneck and genetic drift. when a few individuals make a new pop, they carry only a small sample of the parent pop. some alleles may be missing from the new pop |
| term for when a few individuals make a new pop, they carry only a small sample of the parent pop. some alleles may be missing from the new pop | founder effect |
| founder events in human history | ancestors spread out through sequences of founding effect, decline in genetic diversity reflects this. |
| human phylogeny | human pops closely related to neighbors |
| what explains elevated prevalence of genetically-based health conditions in some pops | founder effect |
| drift causes allele freq to _____ change in pops | randomly |
| drift causes ____ in variation within a pop | reduction |
| what does it mean that drift causes pop divergence | different outcomes |
| what is pop divergence and what causes it | different outcomes caused by genetic drift |
| variation is lost more rapidly in ____ pops | small |
| natural selection is ______ evolutionary change | non-random |
| salmon are bigger and deeper bodied in | bigger streams, where there's less bear predation |
| for sockeye salmon, increased water depth = | increased body deepness |
| for sockeye salmon,narrow and shallow river = | increased bear predation |
| bears foraging at breeding sites select bigger deeper salmon to prey on, this is | heritable variation for adult body size in salmon |
| evolution by natural selection is a ______ change in frequency distribution | predictable |
| evolution by natural selection are the result of what 3 conditions | 1. individuals in a a pop vary in their phenotypes 2.. survival and reproduction are not random, rather associated with individual phenotypes (selection) 3. variation is passed on to offspring (inheritance) |
| individuals in a pop vary in their phenotype is a condition for | evolution by natural slection |
| survival and reproduction are nor random; rather, they're associated with individual phenotypes (selection) is a condition of | evolution by natural selection |
| variation is passed on to offspring (inheritance) is a condition of | evolution by natural selection |
| natural selection manifests in what predictable patterns | relationship between phenotypes and fitness |
| 4 types of selction | directional, stabilizing, disruptive, frequency dependent |
| no selection | fitness is independent of phenotypes, conditions for HWE |
| what type of selection has fitness that is independent of phenotypes | no selection |
| directional selection | evolution of the trait mean. occurs when fitness increases, or decreases, as the trait increases. shifts phenotype frequency towards favored trait |
| what type of selection occurs when fitness increases or decreases as the trait increases, shifting phenotype frequency towards the favored trait | directional trait |
| stabilizing selection | average individs have higher fitness than extreme individs, variation decreases between generations, but the trait mean does not change, decreased variation around the mean |
| what type of selection has average individs having higher fitness than extreme fitness | stabilizing selection |
| what type of selection increases average phenotype frequencies and decreases extreme phenotype freqs | stabilizing selection |
| what type of selection decreases variation between generations | stabilizing selection |
| what type of selection may favour intermediate fitness to maximize number of offspring and decrease predation | stabilizing selection |
| disruptive selection | both extreme phenotypes favored; intermediate phenotypes selected against. average individs have lower fitness than extreme individuals |
| what type of selection favours the extreme fitnesses | disruptive selection |
| what type of selection selects against a=intermediate phenotypes | disruptive selection |
| what type of selection shows average individs with lower fitness than the extremes | disruptive selection |
| what type of selection peaks at both extreme fitness's | disruptive selection |
| what type of selection would select small beaks and large beaks of birds and select against intermediate beak size | disruptive selection |
| frequency-dependent selection | fitness of each phenotype depends on how rare or common that phenotype is in the pop, based on a chain of events |
| what type of selection is based on a chain of events | frequency dependent selection |
| what type of selection selects fitness of each phenotype depending on how rare or common that phenotype is in the pop | frequency dependent selection |
| drift vs selection, which is more powerful in a large pop | selection |
| drift vs selection, which is weaker in a large pop | drift |
| small advantages in fitness can lead to | large changes over the long term |
| what leads to large changes over the long term | small advantages in fitness |
| origin of sexual selection | darwin, variation in ability to acquire and fertilize mates, might favor diff traits than natural selection |
| modern view of sexual selection | sexual selection is a subcategory of natural selection |
| what defines males and females biologically | gametes |
| sperm is | abundant, energetically cheap and a more motile gamete |
| eggs are | few, energetically expensive and less motile gametes |
| gametic asymmetry tends to lead to | other asymmetries with variations and exceptions |
| differences in gamete production | eggs are expensive, sperm is cheep. |
| in any species, more ___ than ____ are produced | sperm than eggs |
| differences in parental care | cost of bearing and raising offspring is greater in females |
| differences in reproductive success between males and females | females are limited by resources, males are limited by access to females |
| bateman's principle | males show greater variability in reproductive success |
| what principle states that males show greater variability in reproductive success | batemans |
| what species favour male and female phenotypes that are favoured by sexual selection | dimorphic species |
| sexual selection results from what 2 components of mating | intrasexual selection and intersexual selection |
| intrasexual selection | fitness differences resulting from differing abilities of members of the same sex to compete for mating opportunities (male-male) competition) |
| what type of sexual selection results from male-male competition | intrasexual selection |
| intersexual selection | fitness differences resulting from preferential mating between specific males and females |
| what type of sexual selection results from mate choice | intersexual selection |
| term for fitness differences resulting from differing abilities of members of the same sex to compete for mating opportunities | intrasexual selection |
| term for fitness differences resulting from preferential mating between specific males and females | intersexual selection |
| intersexual and intrasexual selection can be _____ with respect to phenotypes | non-random |
| mating can be non-random with respect to the ______ between _____ of the mates | association between phenotypes |
| mating individuals may be more or less related in a randomly mating ____ | population |
| assortative mating | indivds with similar genotypes and/or phenotypes mate with one another more or less frequently than would be expected under random mating patterns |
| term for indivds with similar genotypes and/or phenotypes mate with one another more or less frequently than would be expected under random mating patterns | assortative mating |
| assortative mating is typically ___ and rarely ____ | typically positive, rarely negative |
| interbreeding | mating with close relatives |
| term for mating with close relatives | interbreeding |
| although inbreeding affects genotype frequencies, it does not alter _______ frequencies by itslef | allele |
| interbreeding depression | if mating with close relative, a greater proportion of the offspring are homozygous than the proportion from individs that outcross |
| term for mating with close relative, a greater proportion of the offspring are homozygous than the proportion from individs that outcross | interbreeding depression |
| in interbreeding depression those who mate with close relatives have a greater proportion of offspring that are | homozygous |
| ______ ______changes genotype frequencies | non-random mating |
| if a significant proportion of recessive mutations or deleterious from interbreeding | this will be expressed in a greater proportion of offspring and offspring will have lower fitness than expected with random mating |
| hermaphroditic self compatible plants | produce male and female gametes, can fertilize with themselves |
| what type of plants produce male and female gametes and can fertilize themselves | hermaphroditic self-compatible plants |
| outb | |
| modern view of sexual selection | sexual selection is a subcategory of natural selection |
| what defines males and females biologically | gametes |
| sperm is | abundant, energetically cheap and a more motile gamete |
| eggs are | few, energetically expensive and less motile gametes |
| gametic asymmetry tends to lead to | other asymmetries with variations and exceptions |
| differences in gamete production | eggs are expensive, sperm is cheep. |
| in any species, more ___ than ____ are produced | sperm than eggs |
| differences in parental care | cost of bearing and raising offspring is greater in females |
| differences in reproductive success between males and females | females are limited by resources, males are limited by access to females |
| bateman's principle | males show greater variability in reproductive success |
| what principle states that males show greater variability in reproductive success | batemans |
| what species favour male and female phenotypes that are favoured by sexual selection | dimorphic species |
| sexual selection results from what 2 components of mating | intrasexual selection and intersexual selection |
| intrasexual selection | fitness differences resulting from differing abilities of members of the same sex to compete for mating opportunities (male-male) competition) |
| what type of sexual selection results from male-male competition | intrasexual selection |
| intersexual selection | fitness differences resulting from preferential mating between specific males and females |
| what type of sexual selection results from mate choice | intersexual selection |
| term for fitness differences resulting from differing abilities of members of the same sex to compete for mating opportunities | intrasexual selection |
| term for fitness differences resulting from preferential mating between specific males and females | intersexual selection |
| intersexual and intrasexual selection can be _____ with respect to phenotypes | non-random |
| mating can be non-random with respect to the ______ between _____ of the mates | association between phenotypes |
| mating individuals may be more or less related in a randomly mating ____ | population |
| assortative mating | indivds with similar genotypes and/or phenotypes mate with one another more or less frequently than would be expected under random mating patterns |
| term for indivds with similar genotypes and/or phenotypes mate with one another more or less frequently than would be expected under random mating patterns | assortative mating |
| assortative mating is typically ___ and rarely ____ | typically positive, rarely negative |
| interbreeding | mating with close relatives |
| term for mating with close relatives | interbreeding |
| although inbreeding affects genotype frequencies, it does not alter _______ frequencies by itslef | allele |
| interbreeding depression | if mating with close relative, a greater proportion of the offspring are homozygous than the proportion from individs that outcross |
| term for mating with close relative, a greater proportion of the offspring are homozygous than the proportion from individs that outcross | interbreeding depression |
| in interbreeding depression those who mate with close relatives have a greater proportion of offspring that are | homozygous |
| ______ ______changes genotype frequencies | non-random mating |
| if a significant proportion of recessive mutations or deleterious from interbreeding | this will be expressed in a greater proportion of offspring and offspring will have lower fitness than expected with random mating |
| hermaphroditic self compatible plants | produce male and female gametes, can fertilize with themselves |
| what type of plants produce male and female gametes and can fertilize themselves | hermaphroditic self-compatible plants |
| outb | mating with individuals more distantly related |
| term for mating with individs more distantly related | outbreeding |
| what pattern of selection will always shift the mean of a character in an entire pop, over time | directional selection |
| under what conditions is genetic drift most likely to exist | in a small isolated pop |
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