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Ap PSYCH
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are schema? | a mental framework that helps individuals organize, process, and store information about their environment. |
| What are perceptual sets? | |
| mental predisposition or readiness to perceive stimuli in a particular way based on previous experiences, expectations, beliefs, and context. It influences how we interpret and make sense of sensory information, shaping our perception and understanding of | |
| What is deep processing? What is shallow processing? | |
| Encoding semantically- focusing on the meaning of the word | |
| Basic encoding- looking at the structure or appearance of a word | |
| 13. What is automatic processing? What is effortful processing? | |
| effortless thinking | |
| cannot turn off | |
| requires attention, rehearsal, and conscious repetition (effort) | |
| Effortful processing can lead to automatic processing | |
| 14. What is episodic memory? How is that different from working memory? | |
| autobiographical memory of life events | |
| memories are recalled from LTM | |
| Working memory is making connections to previously learned information | |
| 15. What is implicit memory? What is explicit memory? | |
| (procedural memory), nondeclarative memory | |
| retention of independent conscious recollection | |
| learned over time- may not remember how memories were learned- become habits | |
| automatic skills | |
| classically conditioned associations | |
| declarative memory | |
| memory of facts and experiences | |
| information that someone can know and “declare” | |
| 16. What is Short-term memory? | |
| activated memory- holds a small amount of information for a brief time | |
| “working memory”- less than 30 sec | |
| limited capacity- approx 7 “chunks” of info (± 2) | |
| maintenance rehearsal can maintain info indefinitely- STM to LTM | |
| forgetting- occurs when there is an encoding failure | |
| 17. What is sensory memory? | |
| immediate recording of sensory information- iconic and echoic | |
| exact copy of information | |
| information retained briefly- less than a few seconds | |
| can be iconic (icons-visual representations- 10ths of a sec) or echoic (echoes- sound representations- 3-4 sec) | |
| forgetting- occurs when info is not transferred to STM | |
| 18. What is semantic memory? | |
| type of explicit memory | |
| knowledge of facts, concepts, word definitions, and language rules | |
| information accumulated over time and transferred to LTM | |
| we remember information by attaching meaning to a concept | |
| 19. What is an iconic memory? | |
| A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. | |
| 20. What is chunking? | |
| organizing information into familiar, manageable parts | |
| using previous knowledge to create a sequence or acronym | |
| used on its own for quick memory it has a limited capacity | |
| 21. What is long term potentiation? | |
| synaptic enhancement after learning- neural basis for memory | |
| increase in neurotransmitter activity or increase in number of receptors- evidence of increase in synapse strength | |
| once this occurs- an electrical current in the brain will not affect old memories | |
| will wipe out new ones- ex: getting knocked out | |
| working memory did not have time to consolidate into LTM | |
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